The imbalance of intellectual property law due to the erosion of technological rationality is becoming more prominent in the digital era marked by artificial intelligence, cloud computing and big data, gradually developing from partly imbalance to systematic and structural imbalance. It is urgent to regulate the conflicts between intellectual property rights and privacy, digital human rights, right to life and health, right to information, etc. The constructivist view of technology starts with the active factor of "human" in the emergence and operation of technology, and provides a solution for the aforesaid conflict. The construction of intellectual property law in the new technology era should take humanism as the starting point and the foothold, cultivate humanistic intellectual property protection perception from the following perspectives: establish a balanced view of protection, foster innovation and development community and build a risk community. Moreover, a humanistic intellectual property legal system should stick to the subject status of human being, strengthen human responsibility and complete fundamental rights. The proposal of humanistic intellectual property protection concept will also usher in the world moment for Chinese law.
As the digital carrier of sharing economy, digital sharing economy platform (DSEP) has rapidly become a platform for multi-users’ value co-creation with the development of network information and big data technology, changing the social and economic environment and consumption behavior mode. At the same time, ethical issues such as privacy security, big data-price discrimination, and false sales have become the focus of current society. From the perspective of ethics, the value co-creation of DSEP is analyzed in the view of value philosophy, and the ethical connotation of value co-creation types is clarified. As a research result, the community space of moral liberty of DSEP and the super standard ethical system are constructed, in order to establish steadily the trust relationship of its stakeholders, so as to promote the mutual trust, justice and sustainability of value co-creation of DSEP.
Cultivation of adolescents' core literacies in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is the priority for promoting high-quality development of education and economy. However, the key factors that motivate adolescents to pursue STEM careers should be explored. This article aimed to use multi-level mixed Logistic models to examine the effects of family science capital and scientific literacy on STEM career expectations, using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data among four provinces/municipalities in China. The study found that parents both involved in science-related fields had significant effects on their children's opportunities and advantages in pursuing STEM careers, while the impact of the mother's occupations was insignificant. Family science capital could be merged with family material and educational resources and cultural capital for intergenerational transmission. Shapley decomposition showed that scientific literacy was the most important factor that ed adolescents to pursue STEM careers, with a relative contribution rate of 24.88%, while family science capital was significantly lower, accounting for 5.4%. The pathway to encourage adolescents who lack family science capital is to improve scientific literacy and develop the comparative advantage of mathematics. The education system should be increase more adolescents to pursue scientific career ideals, to strengthen early scientific enlightenment education and reverse prejudices against female's scientific career choices and opportunities.
Digital economy development has changed the supply structure of market factors and provided a new mechanism for resource allocation. Based on the data of Chinese cities and technology enterprises from 2011 to 2018, Using the "VHSD-EM" model to calculate the digital economy development index from multi-dimensional indicators, based on the theory of resource allocation. this paper empirically tests the resource allocation effect of digital economy development on science and technology enterprises. The study found: The development of the digital economy can significantly improve the resource allocation effect of technology companies, after replacing variables and introducing instrumental variables, the configuration effect is robust. Using the threshold model, it is found that the development of digital economy has the nonlinear characteristic of increasing "marginal effect" on the resource allocation of technology enterprises. Using the spatial model, it is found that the development of digital economy has a significant spatial spillover effect on the resource allocation of technology enterprises, Spatially, there are not only exogenous interactive effects of digital economy, but also endogenous interactive effects of resource allocation, which shows that the development of digital economy helps to form the pattern of collaborative innovation development among enterprises. The resource allocation effect of digital economy has obvious heterogeneity among different urban levels, different regions, and different enterprises. Among regions, the resource allocation effect of digital economy development on technology enterprises in central cities is greater than that in peripheral cities. The resource allocation effect of digital economy development on technology enterprises in the eastern region is significantly greater than that in the central and western regions. Among enterprises, the resource allocation effect of digital economy is stronger for technology enterprises with high degree of innovation internationalization and large stock of scientific and technological human capital. This research deepens the understanding of the dividend effect of digital economy from the micro level of enterprises, and plays a guiding role in improving resource allocation and promoting enterprise innovation and development.
Mastering the level of inter-provincial R&D capital stock and its temporal and spatial dynamic evolution characteristics are of great significance for accurately understanding the level of regional technological innovation and implementing regional innovation-driven development strategies. Based on the accounting principles of the National Economic Accounting System 2008, this paper uses the comprehensive perpetual inventory method to calculate the total capital stock (K), net capital stock (Kn) and productive capital stock (Kp) of China’s 31 provinces from 1998 to 2018. The result shows that 1) during the sample period, China’s R&D capital stock maintain an average annual growth rate of 15.58%, and the R&D capital stock in the eastern region is significantly higher than the sum of the central, western and northeastern regions; 2) compared with the K and Kn, using Kp as an indicator of R&D investment can better reflect the region R&D level; 3) the spatial distribution of inter-provincial R&D capital stock is unbalanced, showing positive spatial agglomeration characteristics of "high-high" and "low-low" levels, and this feature has not been fundamentally changed during the sample period Change. Accordingly, this paper puts forward some suggestions to optimize the spatial distribution of inter-provincial R&D capital stock and promote inter-regional scientific and technological cooperation.
Regarded as one of the leading forces of China's science and technology strategy in the new era, national labs are subordinate to the central government, and their implementation and operation still require the support of local governments. In the new historical period, the motivation of local governments to support the construction of national labs mainly comes from three aspects, including pressure-based motivation, competitive motivation, and development-based motivation. In order to promote the coordinated operation of various motivational mechanisms and achieve effective local support for the construction of national labs, it is necessary to more effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of both the central and local governments, coordinate national strategies and local needs, and take into account long-term development and short-term interests. From the perspective of the systematic and synergistic nature of national governance modernization, the research put forward the legal, scientific, and democratized promotion strategies for local governments to support the construction of national labs: First of all, the key point is to clarify the rights and responsibilities of the central and local governments in the construction and operation of national labs in accordance with laws and regulations, and to reasonably endow local governments more rights through agreements and other forms. Second, it is necessary for local governments to combine regional development foundations and planning, and scientifically build a comprehensive security system based on the collaborative efforts of infrastructure, technology, industry and other fields, so as to promote the coordinated development of local economic and national labs. Third, it proposed to optimize the assessment methods for local governments and enterprises, and to incorporate various measures to support the construction of national labs into the assessment indicators, so that to mobilize the active participation of relevant parties. Based on the proposal and implementation of the above strategies, it aims to achieve a win-win situation in various aspects, such as serving the national strategy, ensuring high-quality local development, as well as supporting the efficient innovation of national labs.
China has launched the entrepreneurship and innovation program. As one of the most important parts of the program, though once was one of the most heated topics over 20 years ago, the group of entrepreneurial mentors has been paid attention to again. The training of innovative entrepreneurs is inseparable from the entrepreneurial mentor. The entrepreneurial mentor is the key talent resource for the implementation of the entrepreneurship and innovation strategy in China. The construction of the entrepreneurial mentor team is also an important task in the implementation of the entrepreneurship and innovation strategy in China. It can be seen from CNKI that since 2004 Chinese researchers have started researches related to entrepreneurial mentors, the achievements were abundant and increased significantly in 2014 in which the entrepreneurship and innovation strategy was raised and carried out. With more and more policies concerning entrepreneurial mentors releasing, there is no doubt that the construction of entrepreneurial mentor teams has been highly valued by the Chinese government. However, these policies are released by various departments, such as the State Council, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. And policies from different departments hold different requirements towards entrepreneurial mentors. The question “what kind of characteristics do entrepreneurial mentors share in common” is urgently need to be answered.
Academia has rich research outcomes on entrepreneurial mentors, and foreign researchers started earlier than domestic researchers. Though foreign researches on entrepreneurial mentors, which were based on mature markets under Western economic environment, were abundant, it cannot be applied into Chinese context. Although domestic scholars have already stepped into the field of entrepreneurial mentors, there are few related researches based on the characteristics of entrepreneurial mentors in the context of entrepreneurship and innovation strategy in China. Knowing what characteristics of entrepreneurial mentors are and how they put effects on entrepreneurs will help to build policies of entrepreneurial mentor team construction so as to make more excellent mentors come out. It is beneficial to the government to further strengthen the establishment of entrepreneurial mentor teams, improve the theoretical quality and practical ability of entrepreneurial mentors, and more effectively enhance the service effect of entrepreneurial mentors. Therefore, a systematic study of the characteristics of entrepreneurial mentors and their effects on entrepreneurs has important theoretical and practical significance.
This paper investigated 31 managers from 28 crowd innovation spaces, and employs the Grounded Theory to analyze these original interview data. Based on those original interview data, this paper explored the entrepreneurial mentors’ characteristics under the entrepreneurship and innovation background. Furthermore, this paper investigated the effect entrepreneurial mentors’ characteristics on entrepreneurs according to the Self-determination Theory. The results show that the construction of entrepreneurial mentor is composed of expert characteristics, relatedness characteristics, and economy characteristics. And entrepreneurial mentor affects entrepreneur through entrepreneurial reserve, entrepreneurial psychology, and then results in entrepreneurial behavior. The whole procedure contains three processes which are external influence, internal influence, and self-breakthrough. The three characteristics of entrepreneurial mentor improves entrepreneurial reserve of entrepreneur in external influence process, and furthermore affects entrepreneur’s psychology. After being affected, entrepreneur’s psychological status changes in internal influence process towards a positive direction, and finally upgrades entrepreneurial outcomes in self-breakthrough process. At the end of this paper, the authors put forward strategic suggestions from three aspects: the coaching process of entrepreneurial mentors, the selection and recruitment of entrepreneurial mentors, and the cultivation of entrepreneurial mentors.
Applied the case study method, this study has explored the exaptation process of the holistic technology, which theoretically explain the process mechanism about how the technology exaptation evolves into the breakthrough innovation. This study builds up the process model of the evolution from technology exaptation to the breakthrough innovation, and stresses the fact that the innovation ecosystem structure is formed before the exaptation of holistic technology. It is also found out that the research with purpose and serendipity shape the triggering mechanism of technology exaptation. This study figures out that the holistic technology exaptation needs the support of policy, institution, science and other environmental elements. This study has policy value to promote the holistic technology exaptation.
With the rapid evolution of technology, complex change of environment and continuous emergence of various market demands, enterprises are encountered with fierce competitive threats. Under this circumstance, enterprises should focus much more on new product creativity, in order to occupy larger market and higher R&D returns. Therefore, improvement of NPC has become a significant topic in practice as well as theoretical studies.
What factors can facilitate NPC? Existing research discussed many factors influencing NPC such as consumer participation, team information processing, failure experience, government subsidy, tariff concession and so on. In the era of knowledge-driven economy, knowledge, which is stored in the form of organization memory (OM), has been the key and fundamental resource for firms to survive and grow. Existing research has discussed relationship between knowledge and new product creativity such as technological knowledge, market knowledge and knowledge accumulation. However, few research studies the relationship between OM and NPC. Meanwhile, OM was usually used as a whole variable in empirical studies, neglecting that OM has different dimensions. Besides, we lack of understanding the mechanisms of relations between OM and NPC, based on former research focusing on behaviors of utilizing present knowledge or capabilities as mechanisms through which OM makes effect.
To fill up the research gaps mentioned above, this paper uses 276 valid samples obtained by face-to-face interview, e-mail and postal questionnaires to empirically study the relationship between OM and NPC, as well as its mechanism. Specifically, this paper classifies OM into declarative memory (DM) and procedural memory (PM), and separately discusses their impact on NPC. Secondly, we focus on external knowledge search (EKS) as the mechanism of relations between OM and NPC. Further, EKS is classified into complementary search (CS) and supplementary search (SS), and separately studies the mediating role of CS and SS. The results show that: DM and PM both positively affects NPC, and both positively affects CS and SS. But the positive effects of DM on CS and PM on SS are respectively stronger than DM on SS and PM on CS. Meanwhile, we find that CS plays mediating role in the relation between DM and NPC and SS plays mediating role in relation between PM and NPC.
This paper makes three contributions to current literature. Firstly, this study expands the research on OM’s influence. Through classifying OM into DM and PM, our research not only enriches the literature about empirical studies on effects of different kinds of OM, but also provide new insights about factors influencing NPC. Secondly, based on knowledge-based theory and introducing different kinds of EKS, this study answers the question that “what kind of intermediary mechanism do different kinds of OM use to improve NPC”, revealing CS and SS can play key mediating roles in relations between DM and NPC, PM and NPC. This extends the research on mechanisms of OM makes effect. Thirdly, different from present literature where EKS is scarcely classified into CS and SS, this study adopts this classification method and explores their distinguished mediating roles in relations between different kinds of OM and NPC, which are also verified by the data. This proves the necessity of classifying OM and EKS, and provide reference for future research on EKS.
Under the new situation of knowledge-based economy and innovation-driven development, open innovation is the main feature of innovation globalization. It is the innovation facing the knowledge society, breaking the organizational boundary of closed innovation and becoming the mainstream development trend of global innovation. The innovation mode of science and technology has also entered the era of open innovation. As the foundation of the value chain of science and technology innovation, basic research shows stronger driving force of innovation and is becoming the main battlefield of global science and technology competition.
The significance of basic research evaluation lies in promoting the quality of basic research and improving the level of China's innovation system. Therefore, exploring the new model of basic research evaluation under the open innovation environment should closely focus on the innovative characteristics of basic research in the new era and establish the correct evaluation orientation. In the new era when the innovation environment turns to open innovation, the innovation characteristics of basic research have changed, and the traditional evaluation model of basic research has been unable to meet the new requirements of the innovation environment and innovation model changes for basic research evaluation practice. The evaluation system reform should not stay in the self-innovation of the traditional evaluation model, but should break through the shackles of the traditional evaluation model and explore a new evaluation model of basic research facing the open innovation environment. By comparing the research paradigms under the traditional closed innovation environment and the open innovation environment, this paper analyzes the mismatch between the traditional basic research evaluation model and the basic research innovation characteristics under the new environment, and then puts forward a new basic research evaluation model for open innovation, that is, knowledge innovation effect evaluation. From the perspective of the innovation process of basic research and the flow of output results, A theoretical model for evaluating the effect of knowledge innovation is constructed by analyzing the three dimensions of knowledge creation, knowledge exchange and knowledge diffusion. The factors are in harmony and close contact with each other, covering the whole research process of basic research from knowledge creation, exchange and cooperation to external influence. It can effectively reveal the internal and external effects of basic research under the new open innovation mode, and lay a theoretical foundation for further research and construction of national basic research evaluation index system for open innovation.
The evaluation model of innovation effect of basic research knowledge oriented to open innovation proposed in this paper is in line with the national policy requirements of improving the evaluation system of basic research in the new period of China. As the main work of the next stage of research, we will further design and construct a comprehensive index system of evaluation effect of basic research knowledge with practical application value on the basis of current theoretical research, and promote the research and practice of national basic research evaluation system oriented to open innovation environment and meeting the new requirements of innovation and development in China.
