Abstract: According to the ideal of "autonomy", science is the business in the scientific communities. But in fact, there were disputes between "the self" and "the others"——from religious groups, humanities scholars to governments and industries, and the present social public——during the evolution of the science，which resulting in different types of value conflicts and social controversies. The social governance of science requires scientific communities not to view "the others" as the destroyers of scientific values any more，but the collaborators. However, the rise of populism put the transformation of governance into a dilemma. Therefore, to implement the national policy of the public innovation, need not only the understanding of science by the public, but also the understanding of the public by the scientists.