Abstract: Aimed at the comprehensive evaluation problem of how to evaluate the development level of provincial science and technology (S&T) in China，the shortcomings and problems in the existing research is analyzed. Firstly，some principles to construct index system of S&T are given，and a set of index system for evaluating the development level of S&T is developed. Secondly，this paper proposes a new evaluation method of provincial S&T development level based on dual driven. The dual driven are function-driven and differential driven respectively. The function driven is used to evaluate the development capacity and the differential driven is used to evaluate the balance degree of provincial S&T. A new objective determination method of weights is also developed corresponding to the differential driven. Finally，according to the index system and evaluation method proposed，the S&T development level of 31 provinces in China in 2016 is evaluated，and the evaluation results are analyzed. The results show that the best three provinces of S&T development level are Beijing，Shanghai and Guangdong，and the worst three are Tibet，Inner Mongolia and Qinghai. There is a large gap between the best three provinces and the worst three. In general，each of the 31 provinces of S&T development is relatively balanced and does not emphasize the development of some indexes.