Abstract: in the field of key core technology, China's optical fiber industry is one of the few industries with comparable achievements of high-speed rail technology. Taking Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company as an example, an analytical framework for the effective integration of government and opportunity window was constructed to reveal and refine the evolution path of technology catching up and surpassing, and realizing independent control of key core technologies of latecomers. The research shows that the government plays an irreplaceable role in making up for the market failure, especially the institutional market created by the government as a key participant drives and leads the enterprise innovation; as an important force representing the national will and realizing the national strategic needs, the state-owned enterprises provide iterative "trial and error" and technological learning for the latecomers. In different stages of technology catching up, facing different technology and market opportunity windows, the implementation of differentiated government intervention strategy, technology strategy and market strategy is the premise and foundation for latecomer enterprises to improve innovation performance. With the establishment of enterprises' technology and market position, the government's intervention intensity has changed from strong to weak, and the role of market mechanism has become stronger.