Abstract: Research and Development (R&D) is the source of modern organization’s core competence and sustainable competitive advantage. It can not be made by solely relying on the chief scientist while ignoring the impact of organization management environment. Based on literature review, it puts forward a hypothetical model reflecting the impact of chief scientist’s competence features on R&D project performance and the moderating role of organization management environment. After analyzing 208 survey data, it indicates that the technology competence, management competence and personality competence have positive impact on R&D project performance while organization management environment acts as a positive moderator between them.