Abstract: The “Enlisting and Leading” is a major strategy in the field of science and technology in China. The “list” and “leader” are the key elements for the “Enlisting and Leading” to play its role and achieve its goals. In practice, what characteristics the two show and how to match are very important to the effectiveness of the system and scientific and technological innovation. However, the academic community has not yet involved this. Therefore, based on the micro data composed of the information of 1217 lists and 252 leaders, this paper analyzes the characteristics of list, leader, and their matching. Result shows that: (1) the list in the “Enlisting and Leading” focuses on economic and social development, and has some differences in regional distribution, and its subject is mainly from the government and enterprises; (2) the leader in the “Enlisting and Leading” is mainly composed of young small and medium-sized enterprises, high-level universities and scientific research institutes with a long history, and their innovative ability is remarkable; (3) the matching of “list” and “leader” is characterized by insufficient diversity of regional matching, diverse types of subject matching and strong technical matching. These conclusions provide useful enlightenment for the improvement of the “Enlisting and Leading” and the construction of national innovation system with Chinese characteristics.