There is a growing need for a systematic framework to guide policy-making as Science Technology and Innovation Policies (STIPs) become more and more diverse. It is difficult to deal with the complexity and the characteristics of the interwoven of STIPs based on the existing research on the framework of STIPs as lack of a clear logical and theoretical base. This paper establishes a system of STIPs which contains elements of innovation, players of innovation, linkages, industrial innovation, regional innovation, environments, and feedbacks based on the research on national innovation system, then analyses the policy practice of China.
One of the core issues facing the current ethical dilemma of autonomous vehicles is：whether ethics should be embedded in the structure of the algorithm and how it should be embedded. In the face of possible traffic accidents in the future, there are serious difficulties in screening information and relying on "moral luck" to make random choices and independent information systems based on artificial intelligence. Therefore, a "moral algorithm" should be preset for autonomous vehicles. And for how to decide the problem of "moral algorithm", in view of the conflict between existing moral principles, the complexity of moral decision-making and the contextualization of human moral judgment, it is unrealistic to base on some kind of ethical principle set by mankind, so we can try to simulate the realization of human moral decision in the same situation.
Interdisciplinarity is a complex and multidimensional concept, so it is difficult to fully describe its’ essential characteristics by a single indicator. Most previous studies have analyzed interdisciplinarity from single dimension, lacking an overall and systematic perspective. In this paper, we decompose, and then integrate the external knowledge integration, internal knowledge convergence and research activity patterns of interdisciplinarity from three different dimensions. Based on publication data of the winners of Derek de Solla Price, a comparative analysis of category integration, knowledge convergence and scientific cooperation are conducted, to explore the differences, adaptability, relations and possible combination of the three different measurement methods. Compared with the single indicator, our measurement from three dimensions can better profile the interdisciplinary characteristics of research object. Such a comprehensive dimension also provides a new perspective of evaluating interdisciplinary research.
Based on the statistical data from 2000 to 2015 of large and medium-sized enterprises of China’s manufacturing and high-tech industries, this paper empirically analyzed the phased impact of government funds and corporate funds on the basic research and industrial development using multivariate linear regression and cross correlation analysis. Some conclusions can be draw from the study. On one hand, government funds and corporate funds have a significant negative impact on short-term basic research of enterprises, but the government funds can make a significant positive impact on the basic research of enterprises six years later. On the other hand, while current basic research of enterprises has a significant negative affect on industry development, it can make a significant positive impact on industry development six years later. In either the technical development stage or the outcome transformation stage, the government funds and corporate funds have the same impact on the basic research and industrial development, and these investments in basic research are more inclined to get short-term effect, which can easily lead to extrusion effect. Therefore, the allocation of government science and technology resources needs to target at more long-term goals and the overall improvement of industrial innovation capacity. The government should invest resources in stages as competitive fund for enterprise R&D activities instead of totally investing resources for enterprises to guide enterprises to increase the investment in basic research in order to make enterprises play main roles of technology innovation.
Based on the innovation value chain theory, dividing the regional innovation process into two sub-processes (innovation research and achievement transformation), we establish the conceptual model of the role of financial science and technology development in regional innovation. Considering the influence of the degree of regional openness, we study the affect mechanism of the two and we further analyze the regulatory role of regional policies and resource endowments. The results show that: the overall efficiency of regional innovation in China is low, mainly due to the inefficiency of regional innovation research. On the one hand, the development of financial science and technology has optimized the ecological environment of regional financial, and through the scale expansion of financial development, structural optimization and efficiency enhancement, regional innovation performance is promoted. On the other hand, financial science and technology improve the efficiency of innovation research through promoting regional trade and investment openness and promote the efficiency of innovation achievements transformation by promoting regional production openness. In the regions with balanced economic development, the efficiency of regional innovation research is higher; in the regions with unbalanced economic development, the efficiency of regional achievements transformation is higher. At present, China’s innovation supportive policies are mostly to promote the achievements transformation rather than innovation research, thus the policy is relatively ineffective. Based on the above analysis results, the effect of the development of financial science and technology in regional financial ecology and regional openness can be guided better to improve the efficiency of regional innovation.
Firstly, based on the two image duality theory, the technology hatching innovation system is divided into three parts: resource subsystem, incubator innovation performance subsystem and innovation customer performance subsystem. Then, based on the coordinated coupling degree model, the degree of synergistic development of the 31 provincial technology incubators in 2009-2016 years was measured, and the spatial and temporal characteristics were revealed. Thirdly, the Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model is established to explore the influence factors of regional innovation performance and its spatial spillover effect. At last, taking government support as threshold variable, establishing threshold regression model, and conduct a nonlinear test on the role of government support in the process of developing technology on regional innovation. The results showed that: (1) Synergy degree of technology incubating industry and government support have a significant positive effect on regional innovation, regional innovation was affected positively by itself and was affected negatively by the performance of adjacent areas .(2) There are the “direct effects” and “spillover effects” of Synergistic development of technology incubating industry on regional innovation. (3) As for the Synergy degree of technology incubating industry, its long-term effect is less than the short-term effect. In the short term, the spillover effect is greater than the direct effect; in the long term, the direct effect is greater than the spillover effect. (4) Government support negatively regulate the relationship between technology incubating industry cooperation and regional innovation. (5) In the process of collaborative development of technology incubating industry, government support has non-linear effects, and the negative regulation will be weaken. Some industrial policies and suggestions are put forward according to the above conclusions.
Based on panel data of high-tech industries in China from 2007 to 2014, this paper explores the relationship between government support and R&D efficiency. The results show that in general government support is conductive to the promotion of R&D efficiency of high-tech industries, and it is realized mainly through the improvement of technical efficiency; Regional comparison reveals that there are obvious regional differences in the impact of government support on R&D efficiency of high-tech industries: the eastern regional government support has no significant promotion effect on the R&D efficiency of high-tech industries, while central & western regional government support significantly improve the R&D efficiency of high-tech industries, and moreover it is also mainly through the improvement of technical efficiency to achieve. No matter using static panel data model or using dynamic panel data model to make empirical analysis, the above results are established. Based on the above conclusions, this paper reaches some relevant policy implications for improving the R&D efficiency of high-tech industries in China.
“Mass entrepreneurship and innovation” is an effective way to stimulate social innovation potential and entrepreneurial vigor. The role of intellectual property in entrepreneurial activities has attracted much attention. The paper examines the complex relationship between entrepreneurial activities and the application and use of patent through questionnaire surveys and field interviews of nearly 200 Shanghai technology startups. The survey found that patents have a weaker incentive for startups to innovation, but they play an important role in helping companies gain competitive advantage, such as preventing technology from copying, obtaining government support, and improving corporate image etc. Start-ups are reluctant to apply for patents for the insufficient legal protection and the fear of competitors’ follow-up R&D etc. The commercialization of the patent in entrepreneurship needs to be further strengthened besides the defensive purposes, and suggestions for improving the application of comprehensive patent strategies and raising the level of judicial protection are proposed.
In-depth exploration of influencing factors on conflict emergence between entrepreneurs of technological enterprise and investors is quite helpful to provide useful theoretical and practical reference value for the business practice and investment management. Based on grounded theory, this study refines the critical influence factors called GPEP model, which includes the game between entrepreneurs and investors, R&D risk preference, entrepreneurial environment and psychological mechanism. And，we also refine ten sub-categories．Moreover，this study explores the four influencing paths of main categories respectively.
To ensure the success of R&D cooperation, it is vital to reduce opportunistic behaviors within it. This study investigates the relationships between control mechanisms and opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation. It finds that both relationships of contract control and trust control to opportunistic behaviors are negative. Moreover, the relationship between contract control and opportunistic behaviors is positively moderated by technologic difference and managerial difference between partners; but that of trust control to opportunistic behaviors is negatively moderated by both types of differences. The findings identify key inhibiting factors for opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation and advance our understanding on the implications of control mechanisms. Moreover, the findings can guide firms design control mechanisms to reduce opportunistic behaviors and ensure the success of R&D cooperation.
Based on the validated survey data from 211 export-oriented manufacturing enterprises in Yangtze River Delta region in China, this paper reveals the linkage mechanism among overseas network embeddedness, international learning and internationalization speed under the background of accelerated internationalization. The results show that firstly overseas network embeddedness has a prominently positive effect on international learning and internationalization speed, secondly, international learning has a prominently positive effect on internationalization speed. International learning plays a complete mediating effect between overseas network relational embeddedness and internationalization speed, but international learning plays a partial mediating effect between overseas network structural embeddedness and internationalization speed. This study reveals the linkage mechanism between overseas network embeddedness and internationalization speed, the results provide a theoretical and methodological contribution to the study of relationship between network embeddedness and enterprise internationalization, and can thus improve network embeddedness and international learning in practice of Chinese enterprises “going out” strategy.
Based on the empirical test on survey data of 125 enterprises, the impacts of government measures on enterprise innovation motivation, innovation capacity, innovation vitality and innovation performance are analyzed. It puts forward three policy focuses that should be paid close attention by the H municipal government in implementing the strategy of innovation driven development. That is to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, provide personnel training services, and pay attention to tax incentives. On this foundation, it presents "Three Effects And One Performance" model, which can help municipal government implement the innovation driven development strategy.
based on the resource dependency theory and the three helix theory, we investigate the impact of institutional proximity, geographical proximity and technological proximity on cooperative innovation and test the moderating role of technological diversification by using 2002-2016 years' patent data of electronic information industry. The result shows that: (1) both institutional proximity and geographical proximity have a significant positive impact on cooperative innovation performance, and there is a reverse U relationship between technological proximity and cooperative innovation performance. (2) Technology diversification as a moderator increases the positive relationship between institutional proximity and cooperative innovation performance, and it also strengthened the reverse U relationship between technological proximity and cooperative innovation performance. (3) Geographical proximity plays a significant role in promoting the cooperative innovation performance of government-enterprises and enterprises-enterprises. There is a reverse U relationship between technology proximity and cooperation innovation performance of the collaboration of enterprises- enterprises, however technology proximity has a significant negative impact on the cooperation innovation performance of collaboration of enterprises- universities and government-enterprises. Our research extends the scope of the three helix theory and provides theoretical support and decision-making basis for the cooperation innovation among government, enterprises and universities.
The formation mechanism of emerging technology "multi-core" innovation network is analyzed, and the knowledge growth mechanism of emerging technology innovation network is studied, a dual bidirectional formation model of emerging technology "multi-core" innovation network is constructed.The simulation method is used to dynamically simulate the forming process of emerging technology "multi-core" innovation network, and to analyze the network structure and dynamic evolution rule of the emerging technology innovation network. The research shows that the formation of emerging technology innovation networks with life cycle characteristics depends on inter firm knowledge transfer behavior; During the formation and development of the network, the state of knowledge grows most rapidly and tends to be saturated; The network in the stability period has scale-free characteristics and presents a multi-core network structure; By increasing the frequency and scope of knowledge transfer, emerging technology enterprises accelerate the upgrading of enterprise knowledge status, which is an effective way to become the core enterprises of the network.
In the pursuit of innovation capability, evolving the value network has been becoming a predominant way for latecomer firms to facilitate disruptive innovation. Based on the theory of value network, the process of disruptive innovation is divided into three phases: entering, catching up, and disruption. Further research in this area demonstrates that the development of value network focuses on market, technology and cooperation, and the evolution of the latecomer firms’ value network, from the perspective of disruptive innovation, mainly goes through a series of processes including identification, iteration and deepening. Finally, this paper contributes to current discussions of how to configure and upgrade the value network in the process of disruptive innovation by an in-depth case study of Xiaomi mobile phone. In particular, with the gradual evolution of disruptive innovation, the latecomer firms should develop strategies of value network evolvement around the interactive relationship between the market and technology, and promote the integration of the value network through strengthening the cooperation to orchestra the huge enterprise ecosystem and strengthen their core competitiveness.
Intelligence alliance type innovation team is a kind of soft introduction to solve the shortage of talents, while the current research has done insufficiently for western universities and institutions in how to build an innovative group. In this paper, evaluation index are identified by using Kelly's Repertory Grid method based on the personal constructivism theory. And the construction model was built by individual advantage identifying method from the theory of conforming to better actions. Finally an empirical case is taken to certify the method. The research shows that under the premise of recognizing individuals’ differences, the identified appraisal indicators highlight the individual characteristics of members and clarify the focus of individual members’ attention. The value parameters of indicators are quantitative manifestation of individual advantages, and based on the advantages of individual members building an innovation team is to achieve the strengths of each other, which is in line with multi-agent, cross-regional, flexible operation of foreign-led inductive innovation team characteristics. According to the conclusion of the study, this paper gives the management enlightenment to the universities and research institutes in western China from the angle of identifying individual characteristics and making the individuals play to full strengths.
