The establishment of a systematic and comprehensive S&T ethics education system that meets the needs of national conditions is an important foundation for the ethical governance of science and technology. The systemic view of development that should be followed in the construction of an education system for ethics of science and technology can be summarized as a " Hexagonal Education Model": (1)The concept of education is trinitarian, upholding the trinity of value shaping, knowledge transfer and competence development; (2)The objectives of education are comprehensive, establishing a sense of awareness and responsibility, norm recognition and compliance, ethical decision-making ability, etc. (3)The structure of education is multi-stage and progressive, reflecting consistency throughout the life course and highlighting the focus of different stages of education; (4)The content of education is integrated, emphasising not only a macro understanding of the ethics of science and technology, but also the understanding and practice of ethical issues in specific fields; (5)The educational approach is integrated and complementary, strengthening the theoretical and systematic nature of stand-alone courses teaching, while bringing into play the practical and extended nature of embedded ethics education; (6)The educational scene is flexible and open, focusing on the integrated use of online and offline educational resources, as well as the mutual complementarity of on-campus and off-campus education. In the future, the construction and development of a S&T ethics education system should be systematically co-ordinated and promoted by combining these six dimensions.
With the rapid development of science and technology, the challenges faced by science and technology ethics are increasing. Science and technology ethics governance has become a highly concerned topic for governments, academia and the public. One of the outstanding problems is how to deeply integrate "science and technology" and "ethics". With this as the starting point, this paper systematically analyzed the current situation and problems of the integration of "science and technology" and "ethics" in China's science and technology ethics governance, and explored the value and significance of the deep integration of "science and technology" and "ethics", and put forward countermeasures and suggestions for the deep integration of "science and technology" and "ethics" from three aspects: strengthening the education and popularization of science and technology ethics, building a dialogue mechanism and exchange platform, and improving the science and technology evaluation and incentive mechanism, with the aim to promote the construction of China's science and technology ethics governance system and the healthy and orderly development of science and technology.
Ethical governance of science and technology is an important measure to promote the healthy and sustainable development of science and technology. However, there are different understandings on the interpretation of the connotation, extension and boundary about ethical governance of science and technology. In this paper, ethical governance of science and technology is supposed to include three levels: first is the governance of issues that violate ethics that occur at the frontier of science and technology, which considers ethical issues of science and technology as governance object; second is the ethical governance of science and technology, where ethics acts as a governance methodology and important tool, emphasizing the normative and restrictive of ethics; the last one is the ethical governance of scientific and technological activities, that is, a good governance emphasizes that the process and purpose must be responsible and consistent with human well-being, and should be morally justifiable.
Artificial Intelligence Ethical Standards (AIES) should precede the construction of a unified market for the emerging digital economy. By surveying the present state of artificial intelligence ethical research, this paper identifies leading trends in Europe and America, which establish a seminal discourse, yet fall short of a more rigorous theoretical foundation for ethical standards and system frameworks. This paper takes the fundamental concept of artificial intelligence ethical standards as a breakthrough point, adheres to the guidance of Marxism, and through full use of historical investigation and logical deduction methods in response to the question of whether artificial intelligence ethical standards are indeed even possible, and if so, by what means? First, the discussion begins through careful analysis of existing standards, theories, and standards law, this paper argues that artificial intelligence ethical standards are possible both from a theoretical and practical viewpoint. Second, issues pertaining to Western models of standard are examined through the use of a Marxist critical method of political economy, whereby a Marxist mechanism of artificial intelligence ethical standards is proposed. This paper introduces the operating rule system of human society in western standard theory, i.e. “Norm-Directive-Standard”, and extracts “Wissenschaft” to complement the former by reviewing the important discussion of Marxist political economy theory on the First Industrial Revolution and machine invention. Therefore, this paper forms a new Marxist operating rule system of human society, i.e. “Wissenschaft-Norm-Directive-Standard”. Third, by the observance of the dynamic interaction between technology, ethics, economy, and standards since the industrial revolution, this paper analyzes the operating principle for relevant rules which inform the construction of ethical standards in human social systems, and aims to demonstrate the principle of societal value within the artificial intelligence field, through its potential conversion into similar principles of technical performance and/or economic efficiency - suggesting a conceptual model of “Water Molecule Model”, i.e. Model E2T, for Marxist artificial intelligence ethical standards. In the process of constructing a unified market in China, the AIES model is helpful for ensuring the transfer of principles that help realize the value of Chinese modernization such as “common prosperity” from a bottom-up view of technology, in order to provide ethical justification for the R & D of AI technology and industrial implementations, as well as strengthening the competitiveness of agents in the socialist market economy, and coordinated developments between AI and human society. Altogether, this paper’s contribution can be classified into three main areas; philosophical, methodological, and theoretical. Regarding the first, by comparing the historical background of unified markets at home and abroad, this paper proposes the idea of development, i.e. “unified market, artificial intelligence ethical standards first”. Second, by using the Marxist critical method of political economy, this paper brings to the fore important discussions on the industrial revolution and mechanical innovation, providing empirical support for a “knowledge system” which complements certain Western standard theory of human society operating rules system and their principles of operation. Third, the “Water Molecule Model” of Marxist artificial intelligence ethical standards is established by analyzing the operating mechanism of “Wissenschaft-Norm-Directive-Standard”, which offers a new ontological basis for contemporary Chinese artificial intelligence ethical standards and discourse system.
With the institutionalized development of science and technology (S&T) incentives and rolling out of major awards in China, the fairness and validity of the selection of such awards are of increasing concern for various communities. Eyeing the customary approach of peer review in the selection process, the research questions are: (1) When multiple experts need to score or rank multiple nominees to select the winners, to what extent can the peer review results reflect the real differences of the evaluands? (2) For the judgments of experts of the same group, can we get the same shortlist when scoring or sorting methods are used? If the selection processes of science and technology awards can be regarded as experiments, the scoring results to be examined are the test data. In this way, we can build a two factor ANOVA model to examine the uncontrollable factors such as the level of achievements, expert preferences, and the controllable factors of selection criteria, decision-making rules, and so on. Thus the study builds an evaluation model of reliability based on two-way ANOVA, to conduct a sample analysis of the ratio data and ordinal data generated respectively by anonymous online appraisal and assessment of expert panels in four different disciplines between year 2017 and 2019. The result shows that, summarizing expert scoring data and determining the winners based on the total score of the projects will produce large systematic errors. If the shortlisting is based on majority voting rule, the average reliability of the expert group’s evaluation is only 28.6%, with maximum value of 60% and minimal value of 6.5%, which means the selection of winner depends more on other factors than the project itself. Thus in the previous years, among the 115 award winners, at least 8 winners should have been eliminated. To solve the problem, the study carries on a quantitative evaluation and comparison regarding the selection of awards between different years, disciplines, phases of selection, and methods of selection, suggests that systematic errors can be reduced by methods of rank sum or independent voting of experts to increase the reliability of peer review. Besides, the study also takes reference from the features and latest development of renowned international S&T awards to examine the organization of selection, evaluation indicators, and decision-making procedures of domestic awards, discusses the possibility of canceling oral defense, adopting anonymous network evaluation instead of panel meeting.
Responsible innovation transparency is a metaphorical concept based on information. Information-based responsible innovation transparency refers to a state in which innovation actors are visible to each other and information asymmetry is reduced; as a metaphor, responsible innovation transparency encompasses, or even directly equates with, many good social values and ideals on the basis of visibility. In contrast to the invisible innovation practices that belonged to one person or one organization, responsible innovation transparency aims to highlight an ideal innovation practice that is completely different from the previous ones, i.e., to create a visible and participatory public arena for all actors that is conducive to achieving innovation effectiveness and responsibility.
Responsible innovation transparency is a necessary precondition for achieving innovation effectiveness and responsibility. In the concrete innovation practice, although responsible innovation transparency faces challenges at the technical and social levels, the practice mechanism of transparency is still indispensable for coping with these challenges. The technical black box in the practice of responsible innovation transparency can be divided into "technical black box of innovation process" and "technical black box within transparency", and the former can be further divided into "technical black box of innovation results" and "technical black box of innovation tools". The former can be further divided into "technological black box of innovation results" and "technological black box of innovation tools". The complexity and invisibility inside the technology black box poses a serious challenge to responsible innovation transparency practices. However, the opaque technology black box has the ability to reduce information asymmetry and achieve transparency, which is important for knowledge preservation and dissemination, technology application and development. Addressing the challenges of the technology black box requires a combination of "achieving transparent forms of innovation," "ensuring accountability for each innovation," and "applying the principles of transparency to transparency itself. The combination of the three dimensions of transparency. The societal challenges of responsible innovation transparency include multiple handedness, conflicting privacy values, and intellectual property challenges. Responsible innovation transparency is not only not necessarily and irreconcilably in conflict with attribution of responsibility, protection of privacy values, and safeguarding the rights of innovators, but is a necessary precondition for them. Therefore, the response to the social challenges of responsible innovation transparency practices remains inseparable from the logic of transparency practices.
The deepening of digital transformation has become the core driving force of economic development, reflecting the new era effect of the in-depth comprehensive development of the new technological revolution. According to the changes in production factors and development models brought about by digital transformation to economic development, quantitative analysis is carried out from the two aspects of digital element configuration and digital innovation development. It is found that all economies have improved their level of digital element configuration and digital innovation development, and China's digital transformation level is in a leading position and has great performance in both aspects, has a great competitive advantage. At the same time, the innovative application of CES production function theory is used to demonstrate the decisive impact of digital transformation on economic development. In order to improve the reliability of conclusions, model methods have been used. Through regression models, the average effect between digital transformation and economic development is demonstrated. Through NCA and QCA, the full necessity between digital transformation and economic development has been examined. It is found that digital transformation has shown a significant role in promoting economic development, and the input of data elements is a necessary condition for economic development. Also in order to achieve a high level of economic development, there has three types of sufficiency combination paths, which are factor allocation-driven paths, capital-governance-driven paths and data-governance-driven paths.
Through theoretical discussion and empirical analysis, it is found that the role of digital transformation in promoting economic development is long-term and heterogeneous. In different economic types and different time periods, the performance of digital transformation is different. In OECD economies, the improving effect of digital transformation is weaker than non-OECD economies, which is because non-OECD economies are in the initial stages of digital transformation, while OECD economies already have a certain foundation for digital transformation. And since the global focus on digital transformation in 2016, digital transformation has a stronger improving effect on economic development, which shows the importance of government support.
As a non-OECD economy, China lags behind in terms of labor productivity, but has a certain digital transformation dividend, digital transformation strongly promotes economic development. At the same time, the level of digital transformation of China is leading in the world, shows a great potential for growth. However, the level of data element is low, failed to achieve the path of digital transformation for high-level economic development. Therefore, China should make full use of digital transformation to achieve “overtaking in curves” at the economic level, and actively popularize digital technology to improve the use of digit element. At the same time, it is important to increase the governance of intellectual property rights and internet security, give the greatest support for the development of digital transformation. What’s more, increase the level of data element is of great importance. Timely adjust the development route according to different situations is also important in developing the level of economy. In one word, China has great potential for development the international competitiveness of digital transformation.
Suppression and breakout in high-tech have been the center of tremendous power conflict, particularly in the sphere of semiconductor technology. The effectiveness of national innovation systems is closely related to national competitiveness and economic growth. The United States' innovation alliance action in semiconductor technology enriches the theoretical connotation of the national innovation system. This means that governments can engage in great power competition by intervening in the strategic actions of innovation alliances. This paper presents an interpretive case study of a global leadership program in the US semiconductor industry from the perspective of government intervention around the theme of the alliance game, using a procedural grounded theory approach. The United States government has formed a basic action strategy in the alliance game of improving domestic production and manufacturing capacity internally and carrying out "strategic decoupling, reorganization, and isolation" of the global value chain by establishing management agencies and integrating multiple cooperation networks. Strategic action has gone through a strategic process of "initiation-explosion-response," which is a typical way of improving the national innovation system, forming a continuous logic of improving the legitimacy of the alliance internally and reducing the system's complexity externally. This is the process of increasing the technological generation gap between the United States and other countries while decreasing its reliance on international manufacturing, thereby realizing the continuous leadership strategy. This has reference significance for my country in terms of absorbing the governance experience of the national innovation system and analyzing competitor actions.
The frequent occurrence of major international events has heightened countries' concern about the vulnerability of their local economies caused by their integration into the global value chain division of labor system. Some countries have resorted to trade barriers and called for "de-globalization" through value chain linkages back to the home country in an attempt to reshape their economic resilience, but whether this is a long-term strategy to help economic recovery or a short-term illusion of a glimpse of the frog is yet to be confirmed. This paper identifies the forward and backward correlation characteristics and functional specialization attributes of GVCs in each country, and incorporates technology spillover and market correlation into the framework of analysis of forward and backward correlation of GVCs on economic resilience by overcoming endogeneity of instrumental variables estimation, and finds that both forward and backward linkages of GVCs favor economic resilience remodeling. However, in terms of source country heterogeneity, GVCs linkages with limited embedded parties and commodity providers significantly inhibits economic resilience reshaping. In terms of the mediating effect, export technological sophistication plays a mediating role between the forward and backward correlations of GVCs and economic resilience remodeling. It is further found that the positive effect of technology spillovers of forward linkages on economic resilience is only reflected in the linkages with innovation activities, advanced manufacturing and service providers. The positive impact of asymmetric dependence on intermediate goods on economic resilience can hardly compensate for the negative impact of excessive forward linkages on economic resilience. The increase in backward linkages will lead to a higher rate of low value-added exports, which is not conducive to economic resilience reshaping. This study helps to enrich and expand the relationship between GVCs linkage and economic resilience from a new theoretical perspective, and reveals the illusion of "de-globalization" to avoid the systemic risk of GVCs from the level of technology spillover and market factors, which has important practical implications for the governance of a country's value chain.
Creating a good innovation environment is of great significance for improving the innovation ability of scientific research institutions.At present, due to the lack of openness and cooperation, prominent administrative management characteristics, inadequate classified management and other practical constraints of the innovation environment, most scientific research institutions have formed unreasonable constraints that restrict the innovation vitality of scientific researchers, such as weak basic discipline construction, imperfect resource allocation, difficult transformation of scientific research output, and lagging performance evaluation,It is difficult to effectively improve the innovation capability of scientific research institutions.Therefore, it is urgent to promote the governance of innovation environment of scientific research institutions and create a good innovation environment to break through the bottleneck of development.This paper is based on the practical needs of innovation environment governance of scientific research institutions.The specific research content can be divided into three parts: The first part is "Theoretical Framework Design".This paper first starts from the micro level of element interaction among innovation subjects, and defines the innovation environment of scientific research institutions as the general term of the environmental conditions and situations composed of various elements related to scientific research institutions.Then, based on the research of "science and technology field", the concept of "field" in physics is used to expand the traditional triple helix analysis paradigm. With the triple external environment composed of government, market and society and the internal environment of scientific research institutions as the core spiral, the multiple spiral model is designed to design the innovation environment of scientific research institutions.Finally, based on the micro perspective of knowledge management, the governance process of scientific research institutions' innovation environment is decomposed into four processes: "Elements→Element flow→Local innovation governance environment→Overall innovation governance environment", and the analysis framework of scientific research institutions' innovation environment governance from the perspective of multiple spirals is designed according to this process.The second part is "Case Analysis and Discovery".Based on the designed analytical framework of innovative environmental governance of scientific research institutions, the Grounded theory data processing program is used to conduct multi case Exploratory research on innovative environmental governance practices of six typical cases at home and abroad. Then, according to the results of multi case exploratory research, this paper abstracts the key process elements of innovation environment governance of scientific research institutions, and then constructs the "governance process theory of local spiral to overall spiral of innovation environment of scientific research institutions".The third part is "Conclusions and Suggestions".Combined with the problems exposed in the development process of the innovation environment of scientific research institutions and the theory of the designed governance process, this paper puts forward three countermeasures and suggestions, which are: (1) Strengthen institutional innovation and improve the stability of the external spiral environment; (2) Promote the position of human capital and optimize the internal spiral resource allocation mode; (3) Improve the performance evaluation system, and improve the long-term mechanism of internal and external spiral environment incentive compatibility.These three suggestions provide decision-making basis for promoting the efficient governance of innovation environment of scientific research institutions in China.
In China’s new development paradigm, sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening are important attributes of high-quality development, the core of which is to achieve independent control of key core technologies. At present, although the manufacturing industry in China has seen a substantial improvement in the overall strength of science and technology innovation, the situation with regards to the control of key core technologies has remained essentially unchanged. Building a technological innovation system with deep integration of industry, university and research has become an important path for China's manufacturing industry to break the western technological blockade and achieve technological self-sufficiency and self-improvement. Manufacturing leading enterprises, as the core force leading the scientific and technological progress and industrial development, must learn how to effectively lead and manage the integration of industry-university-research (IUR) in order to enable breakthroughs in core technologies. This is an urgent issue that must be explored both theoretically and practically. Going beyond previous studies that focused primarily on the structural characteristics of IUR integration in the context of alliance portfolios and the traditional corporate innovation performance of general types of firms, this study takes Chinese manufacturing leading enterprises as the research object and introduces the management perspective of IUR integration for the first time to reveal the influence mechanism and boundary conditions of the managerial decisions of enterprises' IUR integration on the key core technology breakthroughs. We divide the managerial decisions of enterprises' IUR integration into two types: the link integration and the subject integration, and investigate the influence and synergy of both on the breakthrough of key core technologies. Meanwhile, we also pay attention to the fact that group control and operation are distinct features of leading manufacturing enterprises, which requires greater effort in setting up an effective corporate power allocation to achieve efficient decision-making, implementation, and coordination of IUR resources at different organizational levels. In this way, we introduce the boundary conditions of corporate power concentration to test its moderating effect on the above relationships. Based on the data of group listed enterprises in China's top 500 manufacturing industries from 2012 to 2018, the study finds that (1) two managerial decisions of IUR integration (link integration and subject integration) can both promote the breakthrough of key core technologies; and (2) they have complementary synergistic effects and can further promote the breakthroughs; (3) the higher corporate power concentration weakens the role of IUR link integration in promoting breakthroughs, while strengthens the role of IUR subject integration in promoting breakthroughs. The findings of this paper provide a new analytical perspective and theoretical logic that contributes to a theoretical understanding of IUR alliances, as well as suggestions for additional quantitative research on key core technological breakthroughs. Furthermore, they offer useful policy recommendations and theoretical support to manufacturing leading enterprises regarding implementing managerial decisions related to IUR integration, maximizing synergy advantages among different decisions, and enhancing key breakthroughs in core technology through corporate power allocation. As part of the institutional mechanism level, the government should also promote establishing IUR integration systems, guide the transfer and gathering of high-quality innovation resources to the key chains and nodes of innovation activities, and pilot and promote new organizational models and institutional forms for IUR integration.
High-quality enterprising ecological environment is the important basis and core element for the construction of high-level talents highland and international science and technology innovation center. Thereby, the scientific and accurate evaluation index system is crucial to the effective evaluation and continuous optimization of enterprising ecological environment. Most existing studies directly modify the mature scales, which makes it difficult for them to accurately fit the global technological innovation situation and domestic technological talent policy dynamics. Moreover, the existing scales are more responsive to the collection needs for objective data, as well as lack of the weight design for indicators, leading to the difficulties in capturing the “weak points” of entrepreneurial ecological environment. Thereby, this study establishes a multidimensional evaluation index system for scientific and technological talents’ entrepreneurial ecological environment, drawing from the entrepreneurial ecosystem theory and new institutionalism theory. To do this, this study collected research data through semi-structured in-depth interviews and multi-source survey in three provinces and one city in the Yangtze River Delta region. On this basis, this study summarizes measure items and identifies structure dimensions of enterprising ecological environment scale based on grounded theory. Specifically speaking, this study implemented open coding, spindle coding and selective coding for original interview data, and then explored the measurement items as well as dimensions of entrepreneurial ecological environment, so as to clarify its main characteristics. The results reveal that enterprising ecological environment embraces seven constituent dimensions which are market environment, investment and financing environment, entrepreneurial culture, innovation environment, business environment, institutional environment and public service. Based on multi-source questionnaire survey, the study verifies the reliability and validity of the developed scale in the previous stage by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, these seven dimensions and their forty-three items could be effectively supported by the data. Moreover, this study adopts correlation analysis and regression analysis to verify criterion validity of enterprising ecological environment by revealing the significant and positive prediction mechanisms of enterprising ecological environment for scientific and technological talents’ entrepreneurial intention and their entrepreneurial performance. Ultimately, this study developed a set of evaluation index system with seven core dimensions and forty-three items for the evaluation of enterprising ecological environment. The theoretical contributions of this study to existing literature contains following three points. Firstly, the multidimensional evaluation index system of entrepreneurial ecological environment established in this study enriches and develops the connotation structure and evaluation system of scientific and technological talents’ entrepreneurial ecological environment, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of entrepreneurial ecological environment. Secondly, this study achieved the contextualized research of scientific and technological talents’ entrepreneurial ecological environment by integrating the global technological innovation situation as well as domestic technological talent policy dynamics. Thirdly, the measurement scale developed in this study would meet the subjective evaluation needs of entrepreneurial ecological environment. Simultaneously, this study also have several policy suggestions. Firstly, this study provides evaluation index system for policy makers to evaluate the entrepreneurial ecological environment more scientifically and accurately. Secondly, this study bring “anchoring point” for policy adjustment and service improvement aimed at optimizing the construction of enterprising ecological environment.
“People-oriented” is the underlying logic and development cornerstone of the digital transformation of enterprises. However, in the tide of digital economy, the important role played by employees as micro individuals is often ignored. In practice, employees’ resistance has become an important factor hindering enterprises’ digital transformation. How to avoid employees’ digital transformation resistance is worth further discussion. From the perspective of configuration, this article has constructed a linkage model of antecedent conditions based on job demands-resources model. Furthermore, taking 235 employees of digital transformation enterprises as the research objects, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and necessary condition analysis (NCA) methods are comprehensively adopted to explore the sufficient and necessity causality between antecedent conditions and digital transformation resistance.
This article has the following research conclusions. First, although no single antecedent condition can constitute the necessary condition of digital transformation resistance, control deprivation can play a universal role in the induction and alleviation of digital transformation resistance. Second, we have found that digital transformation resistance is the result of the linkage effect of multiple conditions. Specifically, there are four configurations that cause high digital transformation resistance, such as “high-pressure environment and resource shortage”. Moreover, digital skill requirement and control deprivation are complementary in the related configurations. Third, there are four configurations that cause non-high digital transformation resistance, such as “deep transformation and resource support”, which can prove that there is an asymmetric causal relationship between antecedent conditions and digital transformation resistance. Finally, based on the mechanism analysis of the configuration results, this article has condensed the attribute types, typical configurations and alleviating paths of employees’ digital transformation resistance.
This article has the following theoretical contributions. On the one hand, this article comprehensively adopts NCA and fsQCA methods to identify the necessary conditions of digital transformation resistance. The research results can respond to the suggestions of scholars on method fusion and provide reference for a more granular understanding of digital transformation resistance. On the other hand, this article has constructed linkage model about antecedent conditions of employees’ digital transformation resistance, and on this basis, applied fsQCA to explore the sufficient condition configuration formed by multidimensional antecedent conditions. In addition, this article focused on the asymmetric characteristics of configuration, and discussed the configuration that led to high digital transformation resistance and non-high digital transformation resistance at the same time. In this way, this article can more deeply explore the micro individual psychological cognitive mechanism under the digital economy environment.
This article has the following implications for enterprises’ digital transformation. First, enterprises should pay attention to the appropriate application of digital technology, so as to avoid excessive invasion of employees’ personal privacy. At the same time, digital skills training should be actively carried out to help employees adapt to the rapidly updated digital skills requirements. Second, enterprises need to ensure the resource supply of employees in the digital transformation by improving digital platform and creating an organizational support atmosphere. Finally, enterprises need to strengthen employees’ adaptability to digital transformation by enhancing their zhong-yong thinking style and psychological capital. At the same time, managers should convey positive ideas to employees so that they can seize the valuable opportunities for self-improvement in the digital transformation.
Along with the increasingly fierce competition around the world, the role of basic research in nation’s development and security has become more prominent. If the capability of basic research cannot be improved, China would be constrained to more sanctions and bottleneck technologies, and the radical innovation would also be affected. Currently, China’s basic research is still underdeveloped compared with other developed countries, especially the United States, including insufficient investment in basic research, the low proportion of problem-oriented basic research investment that is mainly guided by enterprises, failure to form a robust basic research system among different innovative actors etc. Based on the analysis, this research puts forward enlightening suggestions for China’s basic research and radical innovation, including balancing problem-oriented and curiosity-oriented basic research, mobilizing large enterprises’ enthusiasm in basic research, diversifying basic research actors, establishing special fund for military and civil basic research, promoting the cooperation and linkage of different actors, and training and attracting talents for basic research.
Based on the 228 cities of China as study cases, this paper summarizes six digital factors affecting urban S&T innovation under the TOE framework. Then this paper adopts the NCA method to measure the necessity degree of digital factors to promote the development of urban S&T innovation. Meanwhile the fsQCA method is selected to explore the configuration path of digital factors empowering S&T innovation from an urban scale perspective. Furthermore, 228 cities are divided into different sample sets, with the classification criteria such as the "quasi-Huanyong line", urban S&T innovation scale, and whether it is a national innovation city. After the six sample sets are calibrated and modeled separately, this paper analyzes the configuration heterogeneity of digital factors empowering urban S&T innovation.
The results show that: First, there is no single necessary condition that leads to the development of high technology innovation, but industrial integration plays a universal role in promoting the development of high technology innovation in cities. Second, There are two ways to achieve high urban S&T innovation，named A1:"government support technology driven " and A2: "government promotion environment driven". Configuration A1 indicates that cities can achieve high S&T innovation improvement, with high level of information infrastructure, services digitalization, and industrial integration as the leading conditions, and solid database foundation and high government support as the supporting conditions. While A2 refers that the city can achieve high S&T innovation development when there is a complete information infrastructure, a high level of government support, services digitization, governance digitization, and industrial integration. At this time data base and digitalization of governance can be substituted with each other. Last but not least, there are clear configuration heterogeneity when cities have different geographic locations, S&T innovation scales, and innovation policies: ①governance digitalization plays a minor role in the southeast cities, while the northwest cities rely more on a high level of digital governance and industrial integration for their S&T innovation. ②government support and digital environment construction play a prominent role in technological innovation in "central cities", while "peripheral cities" depends on information infrastructure and industrial integration more.③industrial integration is critical factors for S&T innovation in national innovative cities, while non-national innovative cities still needs the linkage of information infrastructure. ④Overall, industrial integration, government support, and information infrastructure are the keys to S&T innovation improvement for all types of cities.
Therefore, this paper proposes some management recommendations as follows. Firstly, all region should explore its own unique path of digitalization empowering S&T innovation, referring to the configuration template above from an overall perspective. Secondly, all cities should promote the synergy of digital service and governance of traditional government department, and form the localized digital development policy system with adaptation to local conditions, in order to provide support for cultivating a good digital environment for S&T innovation. Finally, all regions should actively promote the digital transformation of traditional industries, and build professional productive digital service platforms, promote "enterprises on the cloud" and "enterprises using the cloud", then set the digital economy industrial parks, leading to drive urban science and technology innovation with new models and new industries.
Cooperative innovation between upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain is the basic path to solve the "Neck-jamming" of key core technologies, and it is also the inevitable choice for China's industries to move towards the high-end of the global industrial chain. To clarify the cooperative innovation relationship between upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain, this paper defines and analyzes two modes of cooperative innovation with the industrial chain as the main line: link-innovation and coopetition-innovation. Based on this, this paper constructs the initial dimension and scale of link-innovation and coopetition-innovation by using the Critical Incident Method. Finally, the final dimension composition and measurement scale are determined through the quantitative analysis of the questionnaire. The results show that link-innovation includes five dimensions: raw material technology cooperation innovation, process technology cooperation innovation, component technology cooperation innovation, production and manufacturing equipment cooperation innovation and industrial software cooperation innovation. Coopetition-innovation includes four dimensions: cooperative creating industrial technical standards, mutual authorizing intellectual property, communicating and learning innovative experience, and cooperative creating industrial Internet platform.
