With the continuous social progress by knowledge drive contemporary public policy making need more support from scientific and technical expertise. Implications of Scientific discovery and technological development for policy have become a unique problem domain, scientific adviser also has become an influential role in today's policy-making process. With breakdown of knowledge certainty and scientific objectivity，the roles of expertise and advisers in decision-making has been questioned and challenged. This paper argues that, fact judgment and value judgment is both in decision-making situation, the truth of scientific advice and value in political decision constitute a dilemma of science advisers. Based on such viewpoint, we will analyze the reason for this dilemma appear to,explore the role connotation of science advisers, and try to re-understanding on limitation and unique role of specialized knowledge and scientists in decision-making.
In order to reveal the rules for knowledge’s existence forms within knowledge communities, this research proposed the models of knowledge life forms through cross-domain mapping applying the rules of biological life forms as prototypes, based on the thoughts of knowledge DNA’s cross-domain mapping and through the adoption of such research methods as bionic deduction and corroborative research. Such models included influences of thoughts, and the concept, types, rules and models of knowledge life forms. After testifying real cases, the models of such rules revealed the rules for knowledge’s existence forms within knowledge communities and proposed the prospects of such rules applications into such aspects as knowledge innovation and knowledge management. Then, such models proposed the prospects of such rules applications into such aspects as knowledge community, knowledge mining, knowledge visualization and knowledge transformation, and also suggested a brand-new research topic of reclusive knowledge visualization. Such results represent important basic theories based on bionics findings, and can be applied into such relevant research domains as knowledge innovation and knowledge management, thus bearing prominent scientific significances and application values.
Employing the idea of collaborative filtering in personalized recommendation, this paper proposes a recommendation-propagation system of scientific achievements in which users’similarities are computed based on peer review. Through this recommendation-propagation system, each researcher can recommend his/her or other’s scientific literatures to the nearest neighbors (those researchers with similar research interests) in scientific community networks. By this way, effectively obtaining and actively introducing scientific achievements are interwoven by the peer collaborative filtering recommendation mechanism. Based on multi-agent simulation, this paper validates the performance of the recommendation- propagation system.
Global topological analysis of scientific collaboration network has become an important method in discovering the collaboration mechanism among scientists. However, the local structure of these network is still unknow. Focusing on local structure, we generalize the notion of network motifs, defined as patterns of interconnections that recur in many different parts of a network at frequencies much higher than those found in randomized networks, and apply algorithms for systematically detecting network motifs in several large-scale scientific collaboration networks. Results show that motifs and anti-motifs of the scientific collaboration networks form a common feature. However, distributions of subgraph concentration of the networks are found different due to cooperation features and levels of development. Furthermore, the network structure can be constructed with a similar bottom-up mechanism. Local structure analysis of scientific collaboration network may help may help define the basic constructing elements and allow an easily interpretable view of the global characteristics of scientific research systems.
Research project is the “science of the social contract” made by governments and scholars with distinctive nature of public contract. Measured by the research project funding data of “number of papers”, “fullness of paper (layout)”, “cites”, “composite impact factor” and “download frequency”, we find that the research project efficiency of public finance is undesirable compared with the abroad benchmarks. The dilemma has made it clear that the utilization of public finance in the research projects is lower than we expected. To solve the problem, we must change the “project fetishism” into result-oriented thoughts and try to establish the public announcement system, sunset system, “research project office” in public finance founded research fields.
In the latest ten years, the number of patent applications and grants has increased rapidly, however, the patent quality, the patent valid term and the ratio of technology commercialization is low in Chinese universities. The problems of intellectual property management have hindered the Chinese universities from playing a significant role in the National Innovation System. Starting from basic data, the thesis analyzed the problems and the causes of intellectual property management in Chinese universities, then, put forward some policy recommendations including readjusted patent subsidy policy, independent market-oriented Office of Technology Transfer, patent declaration and evaluation system, specific intellectual property policy, high level of the intellectual property management and intellectual property management professionals.
Firms in cluster were facing serious imitation problem because of proximity. Intellectual property law cannot stop the infringement effectively. Based on Yongkang Leisure & Sport Vehicles cluster case, analysis of the execution and performance of IP protect regime. Endogenous IP protection institution of cluster, lowered the application threshold of innovative products, expanded the scope of protection, granted certificates timely, used of economic instruments and non-economic, progressive sanctions to stop imitation. Governance institutions’ authority in cluster ensure the implementation of the endogenous regime.
Take advantage of IPC and technology field information of patents, this paper constructs a framework for analyzing evolutionary path of nanotechnology based on technology co-occurrence network. We investigate the distribution of different technology fields in nanotechnology based on patent data of USPTO, and examine the convergence development pattern of technology fields in nanotechnology. Then we summarize the evolution mechanism of nanotechnology and provide some references for China's development strategy of nanotechnology.
According to developmental requirements of the new type industrialization path, Talent is the fundamental to lead the transformation and development of manufacturing industry through innovation. Based on traditional industry update theory the concept of manufacturing industry upgrade is proposed. And the indices of manufacturing industry upgrade are built from both dimensions, i.e., manufacturing industry structure goodness and value chain height. The measurement results on Yangzi Delta manufacturing industry upgrade show that the manufacturing industry upgrading degrees of Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are gradually improving. A multiple linear regression model is established to analyze the influence of the factors on manufacturing industry upgrade .The research results show that the influence of those economic development modes relying on export-oriented, investment-driven and especially government investment-driven on manufacturing industry upgrade is limited; the improvement of human resource quality is the only driving factor of manufacturing industry upgrade. Furthermore the policies to promote manufacturing industry upgrade are analyzed from the aspects of personnel training, R&D investment and brand strategy.
Through the introduction of non-renewable resource to production function, this paper has constructed an intermediate product category expanding endogenous growth model, and discussed systematically the mechanism of function of promoting the economic development of resource-based regions through the technology spillover effect of trade openness under the condition of resource restraint. It, first and foremost, gives the balanced growth path among trade opening, economic development and technological progress.Secondly, through the comparative static analysis of balanced growth path and numerical simulation analysis under different parameters, this paper discusses each variable as well as impact mechanism of economic parameter variation on steady state growth rate, and gives the interpretation of economics. Finally, it provides effective experience support for this paper’s theoretical analysis using empirical analysis of China’s resource-based provincial panel data. This paper shows that resource-based regions could break through the bottleneck of resource restraint and achieve its sustainable economic development and technological progress through expanding its trade opening and obtaining trade interest.
Industry position and Social Capital are supported by theory of entrepreneurship from qualitative analysis, and they present the scope of enterprise’s network system. From the perspective of the social capital structure, as the survey samples in Shanghai and Zhejiang enterprises, this paper aiming at the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance, research the scale and centrality of social capital play what and how to play the role in this relationship. Study found that not only the scale of social capital plays a mediated role, and has obvious interaction effects with centrality of social capital. Their construction and coordinated development is critical to the success of the entrepreneurship.
Using a sample of listed SMEs between 2007 and 2010,this paper investigate the relationship among financial slack and R&D investments and the moderating effect that institution environment impact on that relationship. The results show that: in general, firms' financial slack can improve R&D investments. Furthermore, that relationship varies depending on the presence of different types of owners and environment complexity.family ownership,institutional investors,and environment dynamic positively moderate the relationship between financial slack and R&D investments, whereas foreign investors and state ownership negatively moderate that relationship.
The development of emerging technologies always depends on market growth of emerging technologies products, especially the degree of acceptance by users in the early market. based on technology diffusion and technology adoption life cycle theory, had summed up the characteristics of “innovators” and “early adopters” in the early market, and then made use of “customer value theory” in marketing management to construct hypothesis models that influence two kinds of users to adopt emerging technologies products, and then conducted empirical research. The study had found that all of the factors had positive influence to the adoption intention of innovators and early adopters, but the degree was different. Finally, this paper had given some focused advices according to the results.
In order to efficiently inherit the tacit knowledge of complex major scientific project, the paper builds a differential dynamic model which is based on knowledge management theory and System dynamics theory to depict the tacit knowledge inheritance law of complex major scientific project. Based on this, the effect of impact of the main parameters for realizing efficient inheritance of tacit knowledge of complex major scientific project is analyzed quantitatively. Finally, based on management's perspective，the efficient inheritance of tacit knowledge of complex major scientific project can be achieved by building communication and cooperation platform, setting up innovation and incentives mechanism and cultivating knowledge innovation consciousness.
This paper set Chinese aviation equipment manufacturing enterprises as the research background, and build a theory model of the relationship among external knowledge acquisition, organization knowledge sharing, manufacturing technology capability and subcontract performance, then purpose 11 hypotheses. The questionnaires were used to survey 20 aviation equipment manufacturing enterprises; SPSS17.0 and AMOS7.0 software are used to analyze the data of factor analysis and fitting degree of inspection. The result shows that, the face-to-face communication and the coding knowledge sharing have the decisively influence on the organization knowledge sharing; the virtual communication set the positive impact on the technology capability; the subcontract performance would be changed by two factors of organization knowledge sharing and technology capability; the organization knowledge sharing also can make a good effort on manufacturing technology capability.
Data obtained from vertical R&D alliances in Chinese automotive industry, alliance performance risk was found to be strongly influenced by alliance control as mediated by trust. The results revealed that: (a) Information exchange of informal control has a significant indirect negative effect on performance risk in an R&D alliance. Trust fully mediates the relationship between information exchange of informal control and alliance performance risk, (b) Justice of informal control has both direct and indirect negative effect on performance risk in an R&D alliance, Trust partially mediates the relationship between formal conflict control and alliance performance risk.(c) Interdependence of informal control doesn’t have significant negative effect on performance risk in an R&D alliance. (d) Formal contract control has a significant indirect negative effect on performance risk in an R&D alliance. Trust fully mediates the relationship between formal contract control and alliance performance risk. (e) Formal conflict control has a significant direct and indirect negative effect on performance risk in an R&D alliance, Trust partially mediates the relationship between formal conflict control and alliance performance risk. Finally, we offer brief comments on managerial implications.
Micro-innovation, as a new thought of innovation, emerges pervasively with the development of the internet. However, it attracts scarce theoretical analysis to date. We define the conception by drawing on extant innovation theories and micro-innovation practices, and summarize its four characteristics, i.e., evolution, openness, grass-root, and ancillary. To manage the innovation successfully, large and middle-scale enterprises have to focus on employment mindset, temperate control, innovation backup, intellectual property protection and innovation balance, and eventually encompass micro-innovation as an organic part of their innovation systems. Small and micro enterprises should pay more attention to the issues of innovation platform and imitation so that enhance their micro-innovation capability.
The research about how network’s reciprocity degree influence innovation especially management innovation is extremely lacking in academia. We construct a theoretical model of relationship among network’s reciprocity degree, knowledge outflow and management innovation, and take the degree of concentration, R & D investment and the scale of enterprises as control variables. Then based on the survey data, we make an empirical study. The results show that knowledge outflow plays a completely intermediate role on the relationship between network’s reciprocity degree and management innovation. And the relationship among the three variables are constrained by the degree of concentration, R & D investment and the scale of enterprises: in low-level concentration enterprises, knowledge outflow plays a more positive intermediate role between network’s reciprocity degree and management innovation; in low-level R & D investment enterprises, knowledge outflow doesn’t have a significant impact on management innovation; in large or small-scale enterprises, knowledge outflow doesn’t play an intermediate role between network’s reciprocity degree and management innovation. The results have great signification on the practice of enterprises’ management innovation.
Urgency is the common problem in project management. Through situational experiment , the major interactions of perceived time pressure, emotion and innovation process among project executors were simulated. Experimental results show that in the implementation of Project Management, time limit increases time stress and negative emotions, which will adversely affect innovation behavior. The project executors with positive emotions would tend to choose to avoid risky innovation behavior in the face of higher perceived time pressures. Positive emotions play a positive role in the relationship between perceived time pressure and innovation behavior, otherwise, external negative emotions could easily have a negative impact on the employees ’ positive emotional perception. Project manager should integrate the innovative features of critical tasks to determine the buffer set-up schemes, stress management and positive mood induction should also be emphasized. Only the innovative atmosphere was built, the employees could actively encourage joining the innovation activities.
