Abstract: As a most important founder for both ‘Chinese Science Society’--the first comprehensive scientific community in China, and the journal of ‘Science’--the first scientific journal in China, Ren Hongjun took the concept of "Saving the Nation with Science" as a guide, devotes all of his efforts to introduce modern science to China. The practice and exploration of his work for establishing scientific institution in China and his systematic understanding of modern science still remain an important inspiration and reference for the progress of science and technology as well as social development in China today.
In the process of scientific activities, the scientific community is not only faced with all the power conflicts between peers,also with the ones from the outside, which is not simply the intellectual or cognitive process, but a kind of profits competing and political process, how to prevent a handful of scientific elites use their discourse power to pursue personal benefits has become a common concern for the current management of science and technology.Contemporary democratic theorists believe that public accountability is an effective way to curb the abuse of power and achieve good governance. It is introduced public accountability theory in the field of political science and public administration into our study, the definition and kinds of public accountability of scientific community are deeply analyzed,and from aspects of the legal, political, governance,ethical,the approaches to achieving the public accountability is put forward,so as to provide better science and technology services to the public.
Theoretical innovation is the unique quality of Marxism. the British left-wing scientists fruitfully introduced it into the field of scientific research, and created a new theory—Bernalism in the 1930s and 1940s. Bernalism laid Marxist scientific ideas on the theoretical foundation of Sociology of Science, Science of Science and History of Science etc, even so far. Therefore, the study of Bernalism could show the strong vitality of theoretical innovation of Marxism, also enhance people philosophically to reflect on contemporary science and technology with the Marxist view of science.
This paper discusses the innovation methods of all the Nobel Prize Laureates in Chemistry. It shows that the Nobel Prize Laureates with scientific realism from different angles of view have different opinions on the relationship between theory and experiment. The ontology and concepts of chemistry had changed along with the innovation of scientific equipments. The innovation methods of all the Nobel Prize Laureates present three periods. Firstly, physical models and instruments were introduced to chemistry research, and the chemists focused on the simplified experiments. Secondly, the research of valence and structural problems and chemical kinetics were dealt with newly scientific equipments. Thirdly, computational approach of quantum chemistry was more often used by chemists. Molecular basis of biological phenomena was studied in terms of structure and function.
From the view of input and output, this paper makes an empirical research to explain elastic relationships between government S&T funding for different innovation subjects and regional R&D output based on panel data from China, focusing on the performance research of funds to different recipients, and explores it under different level of government support in research systems. The results indicate that the government S&T funding for technological innovation subjects has positive effects on R&D output significantly and the elasticity of them presents diversely. Besides, under the different intensity of government support, elasticity coefficients of scientific research institution, university and enterprise successively get lower, higher and almost unchanged. This study provides critical suggestions to optimize government S&T funding in the configuration among innovation subjects to contribute to R&D output.
Matching the data of Chinese Industrial Enterprise Database and China’s Customs Database during 2000-2006, using the Kaplan-Meier survival, hazard function model and Cox survival model, this paper verifies the hypothesis that financial constraints affect the survival likelihood of R&D firms: the survival likelihood of Chinese R&D firms will be increased by relieving firm’s external or internal financing constraints. The robustness tests of Weibull model show that: (1)the positive effect of improving internal financing constraints to firm’s survival likelihood does exist in firms of different scales, but only large and medium-scale firms can increase survival likelihood by relieving external financing constraints. (2)the positive effect of improving financial constraints to firm’s survival likelihood does exist in areas that develop better on financing, but this effect does not exist in other areas significantly. Therefore, Chinese R&D firms with higher level of financing capability will survive longer. This paper provides a new inspiration for Chinese R&D firms to increase survival likelihood.
The role of Market-oriented reforms on China’s economic growth is obvious, but its impact on the practice of corporate innovation is not clear. Based on the research and development data of China’s high-tech industry during 1999 to 2011, this paper applies fixed-effect stochastic frontier model proposed by Green(Green (2005) and Spatial Panel Han-Philips Linear Dynamic Regression to test whether market–oriented reforms have significantly effects on R&D efficiency, and further analysis the role of State-owned economy and industry protection policies which may affect the effectiveness of market forces. The results show that (1) the R&D efficiency of China’s high-tech industry has improved steadily and converged between regions in the process in the process of market-oriented reforms, (2)more importantly, our study find that market-oriented reforms not only is an important driving force to improve R&D efficiency of China’s high-tech enterprises, but also is an important institutional factor to promote the regional convergence of R&D efficiency; (3)State-owned economy and industry protection policies significantly weakened the capacity of market forces to shape the R&D efficiency, market forces not only cannot play the role of enhancing R&D efficiency in the state-owned economy and the protected industries, but also may have reduced the efficiency.
Choosing the high-tech enterprises in China from 2007 to 2010 as a study sample, we explore the relationship between the entrepreneurs’ technical educational background and the R&D investment based on the higher-order theory. We find that compared with the entrepreneurs with irrelevant background, the entrepreneurs with technical educational background are willing to pay more on the R&D investment. Moreover, this kind of promotion from the entrepreneurs is far more significant when the enterprises are facing the financial constrains, and is more favorable to improving the enterprises’ performance in the future. The conclusion we draw in this paper may give a implication in the management appointment and R&D decision in high-tech enterprises.
The firms don’t only rely on the capacity construction, such as the R&D behavior for innovation, but also seeking for outside help, that is rent-seeking, in the transitional economy. The research investigates the relationship between the corrupt practices and the R&D investment through the data provided by the World Bank, we measure the corrupt practices through the entertainment costs of firms. The results show that a significance positive relationship exists .We have consider the endogenous problem and an instrument variable regression is selected to make sure the result is robust enough. However, the result doesn’t mean that a positive promotion of corruption to the innovation of firms, on the contrary, strengthening the monitoring of power, perfecting the construction of innovation system and creating a fair and transparent business environment is critical to improve the innovation ability of firms.
Take G village which is famous for pig farming as an example, In the present study , we analyse the diffusion results of pig-raising technology and social network characteristics of G village in synchronic perspectives and review the several stages of the process of pig-raising technology diffusion and the corresponding social support network in diachronic dimensions. The research of village social network is deemed to play a crucial role in agricultural technology diffusion via diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Generally speaking, the flow of the medium such as financial support, technical information and market information in social network sustain the agricultural technology diffusion. Agricultural technology diffusion is a kind of structural diffusion which matches social network types of local village. The structure of agricultural technology diffusion and village social network both have homogeneity and heterogeneity
In the last two decades, there is a micro-level tendency in the academia of strategic management. The studies focused on the individual, and tried to discover the relation between individual behavior as well as outcome and meso-level as well as macro-level issues. Some scholars argue that there are well-known theories and models at the macro level in the studies of strategic alliance, but the details inside the alliance still are not clear. This implies that it is necessary to involve deeper level, such as micro level, to improve the studies and theories. This study illustrates the tendency of micro-level study in the domain of strategy management during the last two decades, concludes the core and significance of micro-level study; combing with the uniqueness and the micro foundation of concepts about strategic alliance, the study argues the necessity and feasibility of the micro-level study on strategic alliance; finally it suggests the possible problems and directions of the micro-level study.
This paper selected 165 high-tech firms from Chinese Pear River Delta region as empirical research samples for studying the relationships among enterprise knowledge inertia, knowledge integration and new product development performance. The results show that enterprise experiential inertia not only take direct positive effect on new product development performance, but also take indirect positive effect on it through external and internal knowledge integration. At the same time, although enterprise procedural inertia and informational inertia take no direct effect on new product development performance, procedural inertia can impact on it through external and internal of knowledge integration, and informational inertia can impact on it through external knowledge integration. In addition, the knowledge integration including external and internal are both take direct positive effect on new product development significantly.
Social Networking plays a crucial role for the growth of SMEs in the context of Chinese conditions. This paper attempts to discover the role of social network on growth of SMEs. Through the survey of 200 SMEs in business of science and technology in Beijing, it can be found that survival period of the enterprises and the growth rate of sales are positively correlated. Then empirical test is conducted by applying method of partial least squares (PLS), and found that social network have a certain effects on promotion of the growth of SMEs, however it can act better. In the framework of Chinese environment, social networks on some extent, and social networking can bring two societal mechanisms of "access to resources" and "Trading lubricate" , thus exerting a huge impact on business growth.
As to the scientific resources distribution and shared use on the large-sized scientific instrumentation, researchers and policy makers generally think the inefficiency of shared use and repeat purchase as the mail problem. According to that they formulate policies to correct on those problems. But the empirical and theoretical research on the causality of the inefficiency of shared use and repeat purchase are quite rare. This article focuses on the resources distribution of large-sized scientific instrumentation based on empirical evidence, and then uses queue theory model to analysis the shared use phenomenon. Finally we conclude the reason for the inefficiency of shared use and repeat purchase, and suggest the recommendation to policy makers.
Through reviewing the existing relevant literatures, this paper studies the theoretical construction and empirical test of the triple helix model, and then explores its correctional path. Since Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff proposing the triple helix model, the theoretical research is increasingly deepening. The abundant empirical researches support the explanatory power of the triple helix model. The future development lies in discussing the n-helix model based on the governance theory; clarifying the role of the university, industry and government based on the innovation process; investigating the influence of the context through more case studies; strengthening the quantitative research in the background of Big Data.
The paper analyses the impact of openness of technological innovation on the international competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing industries, some hypothesis have also been proposed. In order to test these hypotheses, an econometric model was established, and the panel data comes from Chinese manufacturing industries from the year of 2000 to 2010. The results show that the openness of technological innovation has a positive influence on the international competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing industries, including international market share, international trade competitiveness, revealed comparative advantage and industry export proportion. Moreover, under the highly market competitive environment, Chinese firms with higher human capital quality will get more profit from open innovation.
This paper adopts the method of embedded case combining quantitative measurements. And it choose a leading enterprise-Dongfang Turbine Co., Ltd., which possesses technical innovation and excellent performance in the high-tech manufacturing in China, and studies the formation mechanism of internal and external collaborative innovation network in technical innovation under the function of knowledge environment in national innovation systems. The result shows that: the formation of internal and external collaborative innovation network is influenced by national innovation systems’ factors. Under the conditions of national education system undeveloped, labor market inadequate supply and intellectual property system imperfect, transaction cost in external collaboration is high relatively, enterprise is difficult to establish more external links, and collaborative innovation network appears a closed state. However, when the above conditions are improved, the result is opposite. More external links appeared, more open state developed. In this process, government’s role is mainly involving in guiding or financing the activities of technical innovation, providing preferential and supportive policy for excellent enterprises, and helping enterprises the collaborative innovation network formation and performance increasing.
This paper investigates innovation activities of firms in national high-tech industry zones from neo-institutionalism perspective. We examine the importance role of institutions both internal and external the firms, as well as their coupling mechanism on firms’ innovation performance. Taking the Nanning national high-tech industry zone as our research example, we find that under the circumstance of both internal and external institutions the activities of pursuing ‘legitimacy’ have positive impact on innovation performance. However, the coupling mechanism of internal and external institutions does not influence innovation performance significantly. Furthermore, we provide suggestions about how to improve the coupling mechanism in order to better the innovation performance of firms.
This paper explores how pharmaceutical firms build their R&D network in order to improve the performance of product innovation under different strategic orientation. A longitude case study of a pharmaceutical firm is conducted. The impact of R&D network characteristics on product innovation performance and the influence of strategic orientation on R&D network characteristics are presented. First of all, our results indicate that three characteristics of R&D network exert a positive effect on product innovation performance. The product innovation performance of the focus enterprise reaches the maximum when the R&D network is of large scale, high openness and high heterogeneity of network resources. Secondly, two types of strategic orientation have positive but different effect on the characteristics of R&D network. Specifically, the market orientation only exert a less positive impact on the scale of R&D network, however, entrepreneurial orientation has positive effect on the three characteristics of R&D network to a great extent. Moreover, the single market orientation has less influence on product innovation performance of enterprises, the product innovation performance of enterprises is more better when the high market orientation and high entrepreneurial orientation have integrated together and form a combination of strategic orientation.
