The paper begins with analysis of current definitions of tacit knowledge argument, summarized two types of tacit knowledge: knowledge has not yet been formalized and can not be formalized, pointed out the reasons: current technical methods can not formalize tacit knowledge because of not been innovated yet; nature of tacit knowledge. Basing on recalling the Polanyi tacit knowledge and introducing Collins & Kusch's “the Shape of Actions”, researched tacit knowledge "possibility" by analyzing the case and theory, proposed a way for understanding tacit knowledge, argued that tacit knowledge resides “in the head” of people, embodied by the behavior in specific situation, essential attributes include embodiment, contextualization, practice process. Tacit knowledge is difficult to be completely codified and formalized representation.
Science is not just the enquiry of knowledge; it can also produce new technology. This type of innovations, namely, science-based innovations, usually happen in the frontiers of science, related to generations of new industries. Theories, however, haven’t paid adequqte attention in understanding this type of innovations. By re-analysis of two famous cases, namely the case of penicillin and the case of transistor, this article tries to shed some light in the patterns, interactions and dynamics of science-based innovations. Science-based innovation shows a linear pattern, driven by scientific discoveries, relying on the interactions of science and technology. These two cases also show that in some industries innovations keep being related to scientific discoveries, while in other industries innovations can shift from science-based to technology-based. The implications for theories and policies of these findings are discussed in this article too.
In the era of post-academic science, science is impacted by governments、companies、public and so on. The goal of science has being from seeking truth to application. At the same time, we have to face some new problems and a growing risk in science. The article described the change of science and the crisis of confidence in science, and pointed out the problem of trust in post-academic science. Nowadays, scientific knowledge is produced in different contexts. We should be to rebuild trust by governance of science and public participation. Furthermore，standard construction is also important to rebuild trust in science.
China’s scientific research ability is raising rapidly, more and more research results are published on some top scientific journals as Nature,Science,Cell etc. The academic influence of the results of cover story and the attention rate from the industry are much higher than common results. At present, the visualization of China’s first class scientific research achievements relatively highly rely on the American scientific image creating institute and their own independent creative ability is not enough, which reflects the split of China's scientific research and arts & humanities. If accurately understand the scientific contents and properly visualize, China may have more achievements to be published on the cover of journals as Nature, Science and Cell.
After fully clarifying the logical rationale on the mutual causal association between social risk and social trust, and explaining the legitimacy of understanding the development of social trust and social risk by knowledge mapping technique in China in the recent years, we used SPSS and Ucinet to make a related Multidimensional scaling analysis and social network analysis of more than 2000 Chinese literatures in which “social risk” and/or “social trust” acting as part of the title or key words and a similar analysis for counterpart English literatures on Western countries. Through the above-mentioned comparative analysis by SPSS and Ucinet, this paper indicated what the major source, area of occurrence, and type characteristics of social risk and social trust were to the Chinese context. And this paper also demonstrated their difference between China and western developed countries. Accordingly, we pointed out that our government should give priority to the establishment of people’s confidence in the political system, to effectively resolve the continued increasing social risk issue by means of the increasing complexity of the whole social system and contribute to future long-term social harmony and stability in China.
Along with R&D globalization of Multi-national Enterprise and the worldwide flow of technology resource, foreign participation in publicly funded R&D project has become an important issue in the modern science and technology policy. As the biggest economy power and the dominated leader of technological innovation in the world, United States has taken series of policies and institutional measures in response to the issues since the early 1980s.The historical background of 1980s were observed in order to find the motivations of U.S. foreign participation policy. And then we systematically analyzed the specific foreign participation policies of publicly funded R&D Projects by DOD, DOC DOE, NIH, NSF and NASA. To better understand the different and development of foreign participation policy in US, several important literatures on the policy were reviewed. Based on the above analysis, the main experiences and the key characteristic of U.S. policy practices have been concluded, and provided references to China’s related policies.
Understanding the so called “patent explosion” for a country is the best way to make a self-review and so as to play the role of wake-up warning. Based on a deep review of the theories and empirical studies regarding the patent surge in European, United State, Japan and Taiwan since 1980s, this paper further investigates the driving forces and the capabilities of innovation behind the patent explosion in China during the past decade. After many years efforts, China’s impressive quantitative change in patenting still cannot demonstrate a convictive qualitative change in its capabilities of innovation. The internationalization of those ICT companies which located in the coastal area gives evidence of the synergistic effects in its recent years endeavor in the innovation policies.
It is time for China to stop its anxious steps and find the most suitable road for establishing its capabilities of innovation. It argues that, on one hand, the government should pursuing the essentials of innovation in optimizing its patent and innovation system; on the other hand, the companies should trying to be a member of the global race of innovation and patent arms based on a continue and efficient R&D efforts.
This paper estimates the total factor productivity (TFP) of each province and analyzes the impact of different type of R&D activities on TFP based on the panel data of China's provinces over the period of 2000-2010. We divide R&D inputs into basic research, applied research and development according to the type of activities. The results show that the impact of basic research and applied research on TFP is less than development. This paper also finds that the result is diverse in different regions. In the eastern region, the impact of basic research on TFP is greater than the applied research and development. While in the western region, the development on TFP growth is more significant. Human capital and FDI have a positive effect on TFP, while the industrial structure has a negative effect.
Case study has become an important research method for domestic scholars to explore management theory under the Chinese context. A major charge against it is the difficulty in the obtaining firs-data. On contrast, most case studies were researched with secondary data. Thus, there is a question about the scientific of different kind of data for case study. This article, first of all sorts out the theories about case study scientific in literature on case study methodology. Based on existing theories, this article proposes a comprehensive evaluation system for assessing the rigor in handling data by case study researchers. The evaluation system consists of two elements: the data analysis strategy and data collection strategy. The article then analyzes how case researchers deal with the difficult issue of data scientific in practice by examining 122 sample publications using case study method published between 2007 and 2011 in five leading management academic journals, and compared with those samples using firs data and samples with secondary data. The purpose of this paper is to provide a evaluation system for case researchers when dealing with different kind of data, and some strategies were given at last in order to publish more high-level case studies papers.
Currently, few studies have looked at the behaviour of knowledge sharing in organization、the distance of knowledge and environmental turbulence. According to the investigation which comes from 345 companies in Yangtze delta area, we have studied the distance of knowledge、environmental turbulence and the relationship of knowledge sharing in organization. At the same time, we have also studied the impact of environmental turbulence on the distance of knowledge and the relationship of knowledge sharing in organization. The research result shows that the distance of knowledge is the Pre-variable of the knowledge sharing in organization; meanwhile it has some influence on it too. Environmental turbulence produces the up-regulated effects to the distance of knowledge and the relationship of knowledge sharing in organization. Through the multivariate regression analysis, we know that the environmental turbulence doesn’t have any moderating effect on the distance of organization and the relationship of dominance knowledge sharing in organization. However, it has some moderating effect on professional distance and the relationship of dominance knowledge sharing in organization. The instability of markets has some moderating effect on professional distance and the relationship of implicit knowledge sharing in organization. On the contrary, it doesn’t have any moderating effect on the distance of organization and the relationship of implicit knowledge sharing in organization. And thus reveals that the environmental turbulence has different effects on the distance of organization and different types of knowledge. It helps enterprises to design and control the process of knowledge practice
knowledge spillover is important knowledge flow channel and key evolution mechanism of Industry-University-Research institution collaboration innovation network. Based on the supply-demand relationship among different innovation main body of network, the paper puts forward the equilibrium model of supply and demand of innovative knowledge in the network; demonstrates the coupling mechanism of knowledge spillover and 3-phase evolution of innovation network; further to analyze the relevant effect to innovation network, innovation main body, industry aggregation, innovation ability and economy increasing; and then promotes expectation of further research.
Based on investigation data from Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Project started since 2009,present research conducted an empirical research on relationships between entrepreneurial environment’s supportiveness for entrepreneurship and perceived entrepreneurs in environment, entrepreneurial capital in environment,individual entrepreneurial motivation level,new ventures’ competitive advantage for the first time.
Based on institutional theory and resource dependence theory, this paper proposed a theoretical framework contains five variables: vertical relationship, horizontal relationship, political relationship, technological capability and technological commercialization capability. Empirical study is conducted to examine the hypotheses raised by the model based on 404 sample data collected from enterprises in China. In results, vertical relationship have an inverted U relationship with both technological capability and technological commercialization capability; horizontal relationship have an inverted U relationship with technological capability but a U relationship with technological commercialization capability; political relationship also have an inverted U relationship with both capability.
As academic performance is becoming more and more important in university, the university teachers feel huge academic pressure. The influencing mechanism of academic pressure on academic performance is a significant issue worth exploring. Based on the literature review, this study conducts model on the relationship between academic pressure and academic performance taking academic climate and emotional intelligence as moderating variables, then analyses the moderating effects of academic climate and emotional intelligence. The results show that academic pressure has negative effect on academic performance. Moreover, academic climate and emotional intelligence can positively moderate the relationship between academic pressure and academic performance, the moderating effect of emotional intelligence is stronger than that of academic climate. Additionally, the combined impact of academic climate and emotional intelligence also can positively moderate the relationship between academic pressure and academic performance. After analysis and discussion, the implications of these findings are pointed out. Hope to provide useful guidance for scientific research activities of university.
Abstract Contrasting views exist on how network structure predict knowledge creation. Basing on theoretical analysis this paper argues that network usually is viewed as opportunity agency and information agency in previous research. In consideration of the difference in seizing the opportunity and the essence of innovation, this problem may be resolved by introducing past performance and network heterogeneity. Using 11 years longitudinal data from patent collaboration in US biology technology, the paper investigates the effect of central network position and moderating effects of past performance and network heterogeneity. The results suggest network centrality has positive effects on knowledge creation. As past performance increases, the effect of centrality on knowledge creation increases. Network heterogeneity has a negative effect on this moderating relation. This paper contributes to a better understanding of actor’s knowledge creation mechanism, and provides some suggestions to social network theory.
The proximities among regions have great impact on the cross region technology innovation cooperation (CRTIC). This article defined the cognitive proximity, institutional proximity and geographic proximity between regions, put forward the concept model of the relation between different dimension proximity and CRTIC，based on chinese 30 regional 1999-2009 coinvent patent data for empirical research. Results indicated that the cognitive proximity and institutional proximity and geography proximity are important factors for CRTIC. The excessive cognitive proximity between regions had constrainted CRTIC in China. Institutional proximity had promoting the CRTIC, and the effect of local protectionism on China CRTIC does not significant. Geographic proximity still is important promoting factor for CRTIC. The similarity of Regional innovative ability positively moderated the relationship between multi-dimensional proximity and CRTIC.
