Brain science is the forefront of modern science and technology development, which brings important ethical and social problems. Ethical and social issues are an important part of brain science programs. The Human Brain Project of European Union (HBP) is an example of integrating ethical and social issues into the whole program, and some of its approaches are innovative and instructive. This paper discusses the ethical governance of the HBP from the aspects of the idea, structure design, ethical governance mechanism and important research issues, summarizes its success factors, and puts forward some references for the scientific and technological ethical governance of China's brain science program and other fields.
Why does science, which is believed by academics and practitioners as enhancing the effectiveness of pandemic governance, fail to perform as well as it should in some cases? The U.S., with its world-leading scientific and technological capabilities and conditions conducive to pandemic governance, provides a case in point for understanding this issue by falling into the dilemma of ineffective governance in the early stages of the pandemic. Scholars' discussions of U.S. pandemic governance from the perspectives of political institutions, political culture, or social inequality cannot adequately explain the paradoxical problem of scientific advantages and governance inefficiency. A comprehensive analysis of its policy contents and implementation in the early stages of U.S. pandemic governance reveals that political overshadowing on science is the important cause of ineffective governance. Existing studies usually discuss the four mechanisms of political intervention in science in the context of the "goal-instrument" relationship, including constraint, intermediate, oversight, and exploitation. Unlike these four mechanisms, The mechanisms of overshadowing is the act of policymakers who put political interests first in scientific issues and repress science through a series of measures, resulting in the alienation of scientific issues into political issues, and can be analyzed from three dimensions of governance goals, expression of opinions, and operational logic. Specifically, in the early governance practices of the U.S. pandemic, repressive measures such as distorting scientific prevention goals with economic performance goals, constraining the expression of scientific opinions with political preferences, and alternating scientific logic with political logic directly led to the dilemma of ineffective governance. So why does politics overshadow science? Established explanations for the causes of intervening mechanisms usually unfold along the lines of political identity pressures or institutional pressures, but fail to adequately respond to the reasons why the overshadowing mechanisms occur. Research has found that the authoritarianization of the Trump administration is the root cause for the occurrence of the overshadowing. Trump's pursuit of power and authority during his presidency has characterized the authoritarianization of the federal government, leading to the political overshadowing on science in the pandemic governance. The political preference for decision-making provides the motivation for the overshadowing mechanisms; the expansion of power by political leaders creates the conditions; and political leaders use the anti-intellectual trend to create the environment. Political overshadowing on science may occur in many areas of modern state governance, and the overshadowing issue still requires further discussion in terms of its extent, types, and motivations.
Based on plentiful data and information this paper is intended to carry out systematic analysis of the dilemma caused by current global scientific research evaluation criteria focusing on the citations, JIFs and ESI, furthermore, the paper also explains the inner contradictions between quantitative evalution and quantitive evaluation and demonstrates the necessities and urgency of global scientific community’s efforts to solve relevant problems.
The formation of modern S&T governance system is affected by many factors. The basic structure of modern science and technology governance system is composed of "strategic planning-policy measures-laws and regulations-internal control system". Different from developed countries, China has formed a typical strategy driven S&T governance path, but the evolution trend of S&T innovation governance in the world is convergent. China should further improve its strategic planning ability based on in-depth understanding of the laws of S&T development, accelerate the process of S&T legislation and the systematic design of policies and measures, deepen the micro governance transformation of STI subjects, and strengthen the connection of international S&T governance.
In recent years, techno-economic security has become a prominent issue in China. Strengthening the assessment of techno-economic security has been included in the Outline of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan, which urgently needs the support of basic theoretical and methodological research. This article focuses on technological dependence, draws on the relevant theories of international technology transfer, analyzes the interrelationship among production capability, dependence, and innovation capability and its impact on economic security, and proposes a PTIER (product capability—technology dependence—innovation capability—economic effects—economic risks) mechanism ("three stages and two effects") in which technological dependence affects economic security. After the technology-receiving country introduces technology to form product capability, it may form technological dependence, which will be self-sustaining if it fails to develop innovation capability in time. Technological dependence can be both a catalyst for economic development and a threat to economic security due to the costs and risks associated with the dependency. If the technology transfer that forms dependency is restricted, the short-term economic damage to the technology-receiving country is inevitable, but it may also force the local innovation capability to improve.
The set of industries represented by lithography is in the predicament of "technology path lock-in," and their ability to progress toward technological breakthroughs and industrial change depends on their ability to break the "technology path lock-in." This study examines the correlation between recent scientific research and the technological path to extend and expand the main technological path to the final research frontiers. The finding reveals areas where incremental innovation and breakthroughs can occur, providing latecomers with the opportunity to catch up and break the technological lock-in. It shows that the technological path of lithography evolves in the following directions: nanoimprinting technology, demolding technology, photomask positioning, and EUV photoresist process. Further, the result shows that the technological themes of the technological path are related to scientific research, but simultaneously there are distinctive differences. In this vein, it is concluded that breakthrough strategies can be adopted from two dimensions: path-following innovative path and technological leapfrog. Thus, this study presents practical and theoretical implications for discovering the opportunities for technological breakthrough and breaking the "technological path lock-in" of developed countries to China.
Using Chinese provincial panel data from 2004-2019, three indices of industrial structure rationalization, advanced and ecological industrial structure upgrading are constructed, the spatial Durbin model is applied to assess the impact and spatial effect of market integration on industrial structure upgrading, and the mediating effect of science and technology innovation in the process of market integration affecting industrial structure upgrading is examined. The results show that (1) market integration can promote the rationalisation and ecologisation of industrial structure, and this effect has a significant spatial spillover effect; (2) market integration promotes the rationalisation and ecologisation level of local industrial structure, but has a negative effect on the rationalisation and ecologisation of industrial structure in neighbouring regions, and its effect on the advanced industrial structure is limited to local areas; (3) Science and technology innovation has a partly mediating role in the path of market integration for advanced industrial structure and ecologisation, while it has no mediating role in the rationalisation of industrial structure. Therefore, this paper holds that accelerating the process of market integration and improving the level of scientific and technological innovation are of great significance to promoting the upgrading of industrial structure and realizing regional integration and high-quality development.
Scientific researchers have made a lot of contributions to the development of science in addition to academic production activities. At present, it is necessary to understand the recognition status and differences of this kind of non-productive research contributions to support the evaluation of non-productive research contributions of researchers. Based on Bernard's theory of "social function of science", a non-productive contribution index model was constructed, and structural equation model was used to verify the recognition degree of non-productive contribution. Based on the stratification theory of science and society, one-way anOVA and independent sample T test were conducted to find that researchers of different groups preferred recognition of non-productive contributions. At present, non-productive scientific research contribution has been widely recognized by researchers, but the recognition scope is limited. There are differences in recognition of non-productive scientific research contribution activities among groups with different genders, professional titles, disciplines and academic positions.
The investment of fund balances for industry scientific research in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is a new direction of the reform pilot in China, which is of great significance to improve the success rate of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and revitalize the existing capital resources. However, the implementation of the pilot task still faces institutional obstacles to the management of industry scientific research funds in colleges and universities. In China, colleges and universities are not allowed to invest in enterprises in cash, but are only allowed to invest in scientific and technological achievements. Therefore, policy design is restricted by the "upper law". How to carry out institutional innovation in the "policy red line" is the key to the implementation of the reform pilot task.
Based on the theory of property rights, this paper analyzes the right allocation of horizontal scientific research funds in Colleges and universities, and puts forward a governance mechanism for the industry scientific research balances to invest in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The study found that the right to use and dispose of the funds given to teachers in the process of project implementation stems from the existence of tacit knowledge; and after the project is concluded, the teachers who are the executors enjoy the residual claims of the balances, so they should be given the ownership of part of the funds; at the same time, the article also finds that there are still many deficiencies in the industry scientific research fund management system of Chinese universities. Based on this, the governance mechanism of "the allocation of the residual claims→ the professional management of the capital pool → the internal carry-over investment" is proposed.
For the first step, the balance of industry scientific research funds should be allocated in proportion, and the teachers' part should be accrued to the teachers' performance salary account. For the second step, teachers should be guided to invest the industry scientific research funds balances into the special fund pool, and entrust professional institutions to manage them and undertake the function of venture capital. For the last step, teachers should be allowed to use the industry scientific research funds balances in the pool to subscribe for the technical equity obtained from the pricing of some achievements held by colleges and universities, and settle accounts within colleges and universities. The research results of this paper have found the potential "discretionary space" for local governments and universities to make institutional innovation under the constraints of the "upper level law". This mechanism will help guide teachers to use the industry scientific research funds balances to invest in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, thus deepen and accelerate the internal circulation of the "three-helix" relationship of I-U-R collaboration.
Enterprise researchers have a large number of high-value data, motivate them to open research data, which is conducive to releasing the potential of enterprise research data. Based on the expectation confirmation theory and technology acceptance model, this paper constructs a model of enterprise researchers' willingness to open research data. The PLS structural equation model is used to conduct empirical analysis on the questionnaire data and research model, and the social network analysis method is used to mine the detailed incentives of enterprise researchers' willingness to open research data. Through model testing, it is found that perceived research data quality, perceived research data value and open research data acceptance have significant positive effects on open research data willingness, and academic age of enterprise researchers shows a positive moderating effect in open research data acceptance and open research data willingness. Through incentive mining, it is found that data protection, data influence, public interest and institutional requirements have significant effects on enterprise researchers' willingness to open up. By analyzing the mechanisms influencing the willingness of enterprise researchers to open research data, this paper broadens the research on the development path of enterprise data and also provides relevant management suggestions for promoting the in-depth cooperation and integration innovation between enterprise, university and research institute.
The networked and intelligent manufacturing industry is an important part of China's new round of scientific and technological revolution, and it is the main path for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. In the past 20 years, China as a major manufacturing country, has significantly improved its manufacturing scale, manufacturing quality and international competitiveness, and even surpassed developed economies in some fields. At this stage, the primary goal of China's economic development strategy is still industrialization, especially industrial intelligence with intelligent manufacturing as the core. Under the new wave of technology, new technologies have had a profound and significant impact on manufacturing process technology, production methods, operation mechanisms, organizational processes, management models, and business models, which has made China's manufacturing industry change from traditional manufacturing to the process of accelerating the transformation of the modern manufacturing industry, it can no longer stick to the intelligent development paradigm of developed economies, walk out of the intelligent development path different from developed countries, gradually change from a chaser to a leader, and realize the transformation from a manufacturing power to a manufacturing power. The transformation of intelligent manufacturing seeks to lead the transformation of the global manufacturing industry. Due to the status quo of China's intelligent manufacturing technology and industrial segmentation, the development of industrial intelligence has been greatly inhibited. Manufacturing enterprises in different regions and industries have different levels of technical capabilities, and the external environment faced by enterprises is also different. intelligentization. Therefore, in order to achieve intelligent transformation and upgrading, manufacturing enterprises need to formulate an appropriate intelligent development model according to their actual technical level.
By constructing a theoretical framework of the relationship between the technical capabilities and development models of intelligent manufacturing enterprises, the development model of China's intelligent manufacturing enterprises is analyzed, and on this basis, corresponding theoretical models and panel probit measurement models are constructed. of listed companies, and deeply explored the inherent relationship between the technical capabilities and development models of China's smart manufacturing enterprises. The results show that Chinese manufacturing enterprises are still in the early stage of intelligent transformation, and intelligent manufacturing enterprises can be roughly divided into three development modes: parallel mode (networked and intelligent development at the same time), network progressive mode (prioritized network development), intelligent Progressive mode (prioritizing intelligent development). The technical capability of an intelligent manufacturing enterprise has a significant impact on the choice of its development model. The study found that between the parallel mode and the progressive mode, with the improvement of their technical capabilities, enterprises will be more inclined to choose the parallel mode; it will tend to choose the intelligent progressive model, with the improvement of its technological innovation ability, and it will tend to choose the network progressive model; the support of policies and financing promotes the differentiation of enterprises' choice of models, and policy support and financing capabilities will The selection of the parallel mode has a positive regulatory effect, and the selection of the progressive mode has a negative regulatory effect. In the mode selection of network progression and intelligent progression, policy support and financing capacity will have a positive regulatory effect on network progression and a negative regulatory effect on intelligent progression. The model selection conforms to the above characteristics in terms of enterprise nature, industry characteristics, and geographical distribution, but shows a certain degree of heterogeneity. Among them, non-state-owned enterprises have a more significant impact on technological innovation capabilities, and labor-intensive enterprises are more inclined to choose network progressive mode, the eastern region is more inclined to choose the parallel mode.
Scientific and technological talents are the cornerstone of national scientific and technological progress and social development, and the ability evaluation of scientific and technological talents has become an important starting point and a necessary prerequisite for the construction of talent team. The existing evaluation system lacks an international perspective, and it is difficult to provide beneficial reference for the development of scientific and technological talents team in China. In order to comprehensively evaluate the development level of international scientific and technological talents and judge the strengths and weaknesses of Chinese scientific and technological talents, this paper constructed the scientific and technological talent development index based on the dimensions of talent size, structure and efficiency, and used Gini coefficient and kernel density to measure the difference and distribution dynamics of global scientific and technological talent development. The results show that the team of scientific and technological innovation talents in China has been growing in recent years, and China has made great progress in the scale, structure and efficiency of scientific and technological talents. China's total scientific and technological human resources far exceed those of other countries, and the structure of China's scientific and technological personnel has been continuously optimized. The number of PCT patent applications has risen to the top of the world. However, China's strategic talent force is relatively weak, "sophisticated" talent shortage, scientific and technological talent quality and talent training system needs to be improved. In addition, not only the independent training of scientific and technological talents in China but also the training of doctoral students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics are still insufficient. The function of higher education to gather scientific and technological talents needs to be improved. From the perspective of regional differences, the differences between low- and high-income regions tend to expand, and super variable density is the core source of the overall differences in scientific and technological talent development, with obvious regional overlapping effect. Furthermore, the degree of international and regional imbalance is increasing, and the global gap in the development level of global scientific and technological talents is gradually expanding. Based on this, China should start from the strategic orientation of scientific and technological talents development, talents gathering, independent training and system and mechanism reform, and issue targeted policies to enhance the ability of scientific and technological talents. The main policy recommendations of this paper are as follows: (1) With the focus on building a team of strategic scientists, leading scientists in science and technology and an innovation team, China should train world-class scientists in science and technology innovation, and jointly build platforms for the development of talents in basic research to further stimulate the vitality of talents in basic research. (2) Improve the level of openness of scientific and technological talents, accelerate the gathering of high-level talents for the whole global and industrial chain, and establish a diversified working system for international scientific and technological innovation talents. (3) Strengthen the independent training ability of scientific and technological personnel, and take multiple measures to improve the quality of scientific and technological personnel. (4) China should deepen the reform of the system and mechanism for the development of scientific and technological personnel, and achieve the "last mile" of improving the quality of scientific and technological personnel training, promoting a virtuous circle of talents, and implementing talent policies.
Firms are accelerating the digital innovation. Previous studies have shown that big data-driven innovation process has a positive affect innovation performance. Yet, few extant studies have examined how different stages and different levels of big data-driven innovation process affect innovation performance. This study develops a research model to examine how big data-driven innovation process affect innovation performance through the mediating effects of innovativeness and how big data-driven operation moderate the relationship between innovativeness and innovation performance.
To test the proposed theoretical model, this study collected data from 594 China, 475 U.S., and 507 United Kingdom digital innovation projects and analyzed the data using regression analysis methods. The results show that: (1) ambidexterity-driven product design and big data- driven product testing have a significant positive impact on innovativeness in China, U.S., and United Kingdom. (2) changing from experience-driven operation to big data-driven operation, the effect of innovativeness on innovation performance changes from U-shaped to positive; (3) in China, when innovativeness is very low or very high, big data-driven operation has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between innovativeness and innovation performance; when innovativeness is at middle level, big data-driven operation plays a positive moderating role. In U.S. when innovativeness is very low, big data-driven operation plays a negative moderating role; with the improvement of innovativeness, big data-driven operation plays a positive moderating role. In United Kingdom, big data-driven operation always plays a positive moderating role.
This study makes several theoretical contributions to the literature on digital innovation. This study extends big data-driven innovation process and innovation performance model and enriches the theoretical research on digital innovation. This study also develops big data-driven operation and tests the moderating effect of big data-driven operation. Finally, this study promotes the development of theoretical research on digital innovation in China.
The rise of the new generation of information technology accelerates the shortening of product life cycle, making organizations face great challenges in a rapidly evolving and dynamic market. How to quickly adapt to the change of external environment has received great attention. However, few studies have explored the transformation of product innovation logic under the background of digital economy from the micro level, and described the main characteristics and mechanisms affecting product adaptive innovation. This study aims to establish a relationship model between user experience and demand diversity, product adaptation, and negative affective polarity and controversies. Based on organizational learning theory and user innovation theory, this paper discusses the impact of user experience and demand diversity on product adaptive innovation and the internal mechanisms, and investigates the moderating effects of negative affective polarity and controversies on this relationship.
This study selects 58 Tencent game Apps from the top 1000 Apps in Apple’s App Store. By Python, the text data of Apple App Store from January 2, 2021 to March 2, 2021 were retrieved from the official website of Qimai Data, a domestic professional mobile growth overall solution provider and a mobile product business intelligence analysis platform. Based on 35,059 users and 135,884 historical reviews of 58 Tencent mobile games, the empirical research is conducted using hierarchical regression and other methods.
The study finds that: (1) Both user experience diversity and demand diversity have significant positive impacts on product adaptation. (2) Neither negative affective polarity or controversies moderates the relationship between user experience diversity and product adaptation. (3) Both negative affective polarity and controversies significantly moderate the relationship between user demand diversity and product adaptation. The empirical evidence further enriches the knowledge of user innovation in the context of digital economy, and provides a reference for enterprises to develop products that well adapt to the dynamic changes of the market.
The contribution of this paper is embodied in the following aspects: (1) From the perspective of organizational learning and user innovation theory, this paper investigates the innovation logic under the background of digital economy from the product level, and expands the research on adaptation. (2) This paper identifies two important dimensions of user diversity, user experience diversity and user demand diversity, enriches the connotation of user diversity, and finds that user experience diversity and user demand diversity promote product adaptive innovation. (3) By introducing affective polarity and controversies, the moderating effects of two important affective characteristics on the relationship between user diversity and product adaptation was explored.
The development of intelligent manufacturing, the mainstay for a manufacturing power, has a close relation with China’s global status in future manufacturing industry, and plays an important role in expediting modern industrial system, consolidating and sharpening the foundation of real economic development, fostering the new development form as well as building Digital China. Under the current circumstance, China’s intelligent manufacturing industry, still in development stage, has a long way to go to catch up with that of developing countries. What need to pay more attention lies in the following items: how to focus on intelligent manufacturing, advance the integration of digitalization and industrialization, inject incentives to firms’ innovative network development and enhance their innovative capability.
With the public companies in the demonstration project of intelligent manufacturing issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology as researching samples, the paper chooses R & D as an indicator of intelligent manufacturing companies in innovative investment, and patents as the indicator in innovative production. This paper uses DEA cross efficiency model to measure innovation efficiency of Chinese intelligent-manufacturing enterprise, uses amendment gravity model to confirm network correlation relation of innovation efficiency of Chinese intelligent-manufacturing enterprise, use community algorithm and secondary assignment program to reveal the evolution law and driving factors of network structure. The innovative efficiency network consists of 4 sectors, with uneven innovative correlations between enterprises and low integration between highly cohesive subgroups within each sector. For instance, Jiangsu, a China’s Eastern province that witnesses a higher regional economic development and intensive intelligent manufacturing companies locally or in nearby provinces, stands on the centre of innovative efficiency network in terms of intelligent manufacturing companies. Thus, it has a strong correlation with local enterprises and that of nearby provinces. Nevertheless, it can hardly boost the innovative efficiency of trans-regional intelligent manufacturing companies, merely shows the spillover effect for intelligent manufacturing companies in nearby provinces. And the intelligent manufacturing companies in Western China like Xinjiang, Shaanxi, has a stronger independent correlation and not in the grip of other intelligent manufacturing companies as their positions are is the edgy of innovative efficiency network. Spatially, the innovative efficiency network community shows a evolution from regional community that prioritises neighbouring regions to transregional community. In the beginning of China’s intelligent manufacturing companies, the innovative efficiency network was driven mainly by geographical proximity. While the rapid development gradually weakens this effect and the industrial proximity and social proximity comes into force. On this ground, the innovative efficiency network will evolve to regional obscurity in a “Core - Edge” form for community structure.
Based on our researching conclusion and the realities in China’s intelligent manufacturing industry, three policies need to take into considerations: First is to pay attention to the spillover effect of innovative efficiency network space in intelligent manufacturing companies, with key enterprises playing leading role in innovation. Second is to balance development levels in different regional intelligent manufacturing enterprises. Third is to give a full push to the innovative development in main intelligent manufacturing sectors. From the vision of community structure, the paper analyses the drivers to evolve efficiency network in intelligent manufacturing companies and investigates the influences that the multi-dimensional proximities of intelligent manufacturing companies in different development stages shows to network evolutions, which provides an reference to when and where to build innovation network for intelligent companies, and fills up the theoretical gap for the research in evolutionary and driven ingredients of innovative efficiency network in intelligent manufacturing companies.
